Etymology


alten **  = other

(I-E alyos* > Skr álikas = false, Arm ayl = other = Gr alloV “allos”, Lat alius, alter > It altro, Occ altre, Sp otro, Port outro, Rum alt = Fr autre, Gaul alios, o-Ir aile, Gael eile, Wel ail, Bret all, Got aljis, Ags elles > Eng  else = other, TochB alyek = other

+ I-E anios, anteros* = other > Skr anyá-, Zend anya-, ainya-, o-Pers aniya- = other, Skr ántaras, Got anthar, o-Ice annarr, ohG andar, Ags other > Eng other, Ge, Du ander, Da anden, Nor annen, Swe annan = other; Lit. añtras, Latv otrais = 2e, oSl vutoru > Rus [vtoroy] = 2nd, Cz útery’ = Tuesday (2nd day)

+ I-E ap* = off, away, SEE ap > Skr ápara- = following, other > Hin aur = other > Tzig avér, kavér = other)

 

 

bej    = bee

(I-E bhei-* = bee > Lat fucus > It fuco = drone, o-Ir bech, Gael beach, Ags béo, ohG bini = bee > Ge. Biene, Du bij, Eng bee, Da, Swe bi, Nor bie, o.Prus bitte, Lit bìte, Latv bite, oSl b-c’ela = bee > Rus [pchéla], SrCr pc^ela, Cz vc’ela, Pol pszczol-a = bee; Wel bydaf = beehive

infl. Fr abeille, Sp abeja < Lat apicula = little bee < apis = bee)

 

 

calm   = straw, thatch

(I-E kolomos* = straw, thatch > Gr kalamh “kalámê” = thatch, kalamoV “kálamos” = reed, M.Gr kalamwph “kalamôpî” = thatch, Lat culmus = thatch, cereal stem, calamus = reed > Fr chaume, Wel calaf = reed, o-Ice halmr, Ags healm, ohG halm = thatch > Ge Halm = thatch, Du halm = tige, Da halm, Swe halm, Nor halm = straw, oPrus salme = straw, Latv salms = thatch, salmi = straw, oSl slama > Rus [soloma], Cz sláma, SrCr slama, Pol sloma = straw, tsik sulúm = straw, TochA. kulmämts = reed

infl. Gael cochán = straw, Bret soul = thatch, kolo = straw)

 

 

drev    = tree

(I-E deru-*, dóru-*, dr(e)u-* tree, SEE dar, Skr dáru- = wood, dravya- = tree-, drú- = wood, tree, dhruvá- = firm, fast,  drumás = tree, Zend dâuru = tree trunk, piece of wood, Gr doru “doru” = tree, wood, lance, druV, druoV “drus, druos” = oak, dendron “dendron” = tree (m.Gr dentro “dendro”), Alb dru = wood, tree, drushk = oak, drizë = tree,

perhaps. Lat durus = hard, firm > It duro, Sp, Port  duro,  Fr dur, Rum tare, SEE dar, o-Ir daur, dair = aok, Gael dair, Wel derwen, Bret dervenn = oak, Got triu = wood, tree, triggws = faithful, o.Nor trê, Ags trêow > Eng tree = tree,  Da træ, Nor tre, Swe träd, oSl drêvo > Rus  [derevo], SrCr drvo = tree,  oSl drêva, Rus [drova], Pol drwa = wood, Lit drutas = big, strong, Hit taru = wood, tree)

 

 

eln    = elk

(I-E elk-*, olk-* = elk > perhaps Skr rs’as = male antilope, o-Ice elgr, ohG ëlho > Ge elch, Eng elk, Da elg, Swe älg

> germ álcis* > Gr alkh “alkê”, Lat alces > It alce, Sp alce = elk

> Rus [los’], Cz los, Pol los = elk

> I-E el-n*, el-en* = hart > Gr elafoV “elaphos” = hart, o-Ir elit = roe deer, Wel elain = doe, Latv alnis = elk, Lit élnis, élnias = hart > Ge Elen, Du eland, Rum elan = Fr élan)

 

 

frat   = brother

(I-E bhrâtêr* = brother > Skr. bhrâtar- > Hin bhâi, Tzig phral; Zend brâtar- > Pers. barâdar; Arm. el-bair = brother (mod yeghpayr), Gr fratra “fratra” = clan, family, phratry, frathr, fratrwr “phratêr, phratôr” = member of a phratry, Lat frater = brother > It fratello, Rum frate, Fr frère; Sp fraile, Port frei, Ge Frater, Du frater = brother, (relig.), Sp, Port, Eng fraternal, Ge fraternisieren, Da frater-nisere = to fraternize

> o-Ir. brâth(a)ir > Gael bráthair, Wel brawd, Bret. breur, Got bhrothar, ohG bruodar, Ag brothor > Ge Bruder, Du broeder, Eng brother, Swe, Da broder, bror, Nor bror = brother, Lit brólis, Latv bralis, oSl. bratru > Rus [brat], SrCr brat, Cz bratr, Pol brat, Toch A pracar, B procer)

 

 

gov   = ox

(I-E gwous* = ox > Skr gáus = ox > Hin gây, Tzig guruv (< Skr gorûpa- = cow-shaped), Zend gâu∫ = ox > Pers gâv = cow, Arm kov = cow, Gr bouV “bous” = ox, cow, Lat bos/bovis = ox > It bue, Sp buey, Port boi, Rum bou , Fr boeuf = ox, o-Ir , Gael. , Wel buwch, Bret buc’h = cow, o-Ice ky’r, ohG chuo, Ags = cow > Eng cow, Ge Kuh, Du koe, Swe, Da ko, Nor ku, Latv govs = cow, Lit gaujà = herd, oSl. govêdo = bovine > Rus [goviadina], SrCr govedina = beef, govedo = bovine, govedar = cattleman, Cz hovêzí = ox-,  TochA ko, Toch B keu = cow

infl I-E kerëwos* = horned, SEE cirv  > Alb ka = ox, Lit kárve, oSl krava = cow > Rus [korova], Pol krowa, SrCr. krava, Cz kráva = cow)

 

he    = he  

(I-E ko-*, ke-* = here, pronoun: this one, that one, Arm -s = article, sa = this one, Gr ekei “ekei” = there, ekeinoV “ekeinos” = that one, Lat particle -ce, ce- in hi-c = here, ec-ce = here is, o-Ir = here, o.Nor hann = he, hon = she, Da han, hun, Swe han, hon, Du hij = he, Eng he, ohG hê, her = he, Lit s’ís, Latv s’is = this, s’e = here, Hit ki = this

+ I-E e-*, ei-*, i-* pronoun = he, Skr ayám, Lat is, id = he, him, this, o-Ir. ê (hê), Gael. é, sé = he, Bret = he, hen, e = him, Got is, ohG er, ir > Ge er = he, es = it, Lit jìs, Hit a∫ = he, is = this, oSl. (j)e-se = here is, Rus. [é-to] = this (neuter), [é-tot”] = this (masc.), SEE je )

 

 

ito    = to go

(I-E ei-*, ei-dh-*, i-ta-* = to go, Skr êmi, êti, imáh, yánti = to go, Zend aêiti, yeinti, vpers aitiy = he goes, Gr eimi “eimi” = I’ll go, Lat eo = I go, it, ite he goes, you go, Sp ir = to go, iré = I’ll go, Fr. irai, iras = I, he’ll go, etc…, Got iddja = I went, o. Prus êit = he goes, Lit eiti = to go, Latv iêt, oSl iti, Rus [itti] = to go, SrCr ic’i, Cz jíti, Pol. isc’, Toch B yam = he goes, Hit i-it = go! o-Ir ethaid = he goes, Lat itio = going, iter/itineris = way (= Toch A ytar, Hit i-tar), Gr iqma (ithma) = walk)

 

 

jedo   = to eat

(I-E ed-* to eat, Skr ádmi = I eat, Arm udèl = to eat, Gr homérique edmenai = to eat, Lat edo = I eat, com-edere = to devour > Sp comer = to eat, o-Ir esse = eaten, Gael ith, Wel ys = he eats, Got itan, v.norr eta, Ge essen, Du eten, Eng eat, Swe äta, Da æde, o.Prus ist = to eat, Lit esti (edu), Latv êst (êdu) oSl jesti, Rus  [yest, yedim], Cz jíst (jedí), SrCr jesti, (jedem), Pol. jesc’, Hit et- = to eat)

 

 

3ivo   = to live

(I-E gwîwô* = to live, gwoio-s*, gwîti-s, gwîwotâ* = life > Skr jivitam, Gr bioth “biotê”, Lat vita, o-Ir bethu, Gael beatha, Wel bywyd, Lit gyvatà, oSl z’ivotu = life, Skr jîvâtuh = life, jîrá- = lively, full of life, jîvá- = living,  jîvati = he lives, Zend gayo = life, jyâiti- (in compounds)  = life, jva- = living, jvaiti = he lives, Arm keam = I live, Gr. zww “zôô” = I live, zwh “zôê” = life, bioV “bios” = life, Lat vivus = living, vivere = to live, vita = life,  > It vivere, vita, Sp vivir, vida, Fr vivre, vie, Got qius = living, ohG quëh, quëk, Ags cwicu = living, Ge quick, Da kvik, Du kwiek = lively, nimble, Eng quick, Swe kvick = lively, quick, o-Ir biu, Wel byw, Bret beo = living, Gael beo = life, living, Wel bywyd = life, oSl z’iti = to live, z’ivotu = life, Rus  [zhit’, zhizn’, zhivoï] = to live, life, living = SrCr ^zivjeti, ^zivot, ^ziv, Cz z’íti, z’ívot, z’ivy’, Pol. z’yc’, z’ycie, z’ywy,  Latv dzîga = life, dzîguôt = to live, dzîvs = living, Lit gyvas = living, gyventi = to live, gyvybé = life, Toch B sai- = to live)

 

 

ka    = what ?

(I-E kwo-*, kwe-*, kwâ-*, kwei-*, kwu-* = interrogatives,  SEE kan, ke, ko, kim, kel

Skr káh = who?, kím = what?, kíh = who?, Zend ko = who?, = how?, Arm o = who ?, kani = how much,

Gr tiV “tis” = who, what?, ph “pê” = how? where?, pou “pou” = where?, poioV “poios”= which?, Alb = who? (object), çë = what?, kush = who, Lat quis = who?, what?, quid = what?, It chi = who?, che = what?, Sp. quién = who?, qué = what?, Rum cine, ce = who?, ce = what?,

o-Ir cid = what?, cia = who? > Gael cad = what?,  = who? Wel. pwy = who?, Bret. piv = who?, petra = what?, pe = which? 

Got hvas = who?, hva = what?, Ags. hwâ = who?,  hwæt = what? ohG. hwer = who?, hwaz = what? > Ge wer  = who?, was = que, what?, Eng what , who = who?,  Du wie = who?, wat = what?, Da. hvem = who?, hvad = what, Swe vem = who?, vad = what?,

oPrus. kas, ka = who?, Lit kás = who, what?, Latv kas = who?, what?

oSl k-to = who?, c’-to = what?, Rus [kto] = who?, [chto] = what?, Pol kto = who?, co = what?, Cz kdo = who?, co = what?, SrCr (t)ko = who?, ^sta, ^sto = what?,

Toch A kus = what?, Hit. kuis’ = who)

 

 

kun    = dog

(I-E kwôn* = dog > Skr s’vâ (gen s’únas), Zend spâ, Pers sag, Kurd sah, Alb shak(ë) (bitch), Rus  [sobaka] = dog, (Cz c’ubka = bitch),  Arm s’un, Gr kuwn “kuôn”, Lat canis > It cane, Sp can, Port cão, Rum cîine, Occ can, Fr chien, o-Ir (gen con), Wel ci (Pl. cwn), Bret ki, Got hunds, o-Ice hundr, Ags hund, ohG hunt > Ge Hund, Du hond, Eng hound, Swe, Da, Nor hund = dog, o.Prus sunis, Lit. s’uõ (gen s’uñs), Latv suns (kuna = bitch), TochAB ku = dog

+ SrCr kuja = bitch, Hin kuttâ = dog)

 

 

linga   = language

(I-E dnghwâ* = tongue > Skr jihvâ > Hin jibh, Tzig. s’ip,  Zend hizvâ > Pers huzvân, Arm lezu, Lat lingua (< dingua) > It lingua, Port língua, Sp lengua, Rum limbä, Fr langue = Eng language; o-Ir teng > Gael teanga, Got tuggo, Ags tunge, ohG zunga > Ge Zunge, Eng tongue, Du tong, Da tunge, Swe tunga, oPrus insuwis, Lit liez’ùvis = tongue (anat.), oSl. jezyk- > Rus [iazyk], SrCr jezik, Cz jazyk, Pol je,zyk, TochA käntu, TochB kantwo = tongue, language)

 

 

luc   = light

(I-E leukos*, loukis*, louks* = light, louksnâ* = moon, SEE luns, lun > Skr rocís, Zend raocah- = light, Arm lois = light, lusin = moon, Gr leukoV “leukos” = white, lucnoV “lukhnos” = lamp,  lantern, Lat lux, lumen = light, luceo = to light, shine, luna = moon > It luce, luna, Sp luz, luna, Port luz, lua, Rum luminä, lunä , Fr. lumière, lune  = light, moon, m.Ir. luan = light, moon, Gael léas = ray, beam, loinnir = light, brilliance, Wel llug = gleam, brightness, lluched, Bret luc’hedenn = lightning, luc’h, luc’hañ = to gleam, Wel lloer, Bret loar = moon, Got liuhath, Ge Licht, Du licht, Eng light, Da lys, Swe ljus, oSl luc’, oBul. luc’a, Rus [loutch”] = ray, beam, Sloven lúc^ = light, SrCr luc^, luc^a = ray, beam, o.Bul luna, Rus [loona] = moon, Hit. luk(k)- = to gleam, tolight up)

 

 

 

mar   = sea

(I-E mori* = sea > perhaps Skr maryáda = frontier, limit, (shore?), marús = sand desert, Lat mare > It mare, Rum mare, Sp mar,  Port mar, Fr mer, Tzig muárja, o-Ir muir, Gael muir, Wel mor, Cor, Bret mor, Got marei, o-Ice marr (+lake), As meri, Ags mere (+ lake, pond), ohG mari, Ge Meer, Du meer (lac), Eng mere, oSl morje = sea, Rus [more], SrCr more, Pol morze, Cz mor’e, o.Prus mary = gulf, bay, Lit mãrios = sea )

 

 

mata   = mother

(I-E mâtêr = mother > Skr mâtár-, Hin mata, ma, Zend mâtar, pers madar, Arm mair, Alb motrë (= sister), Gr mhthr “mêtêr”, M.Gr mhtera “mitéra”, Lat mater > It,  Sp madre, Port mãe, Fr mère, o.Irl mathir, Gael mathair, Bret mamm, ohG muoter, Ge Mutter, Ags modor, Eng mother, Du moeder, o-Ice modir, Swe, Nor, Da moder / mor, o.Prus muti, mothe, Lit móte, Latv mâte, oSl mati, Rus [mat'], SrCr majka, Pol, Cz matka, Toch A mâcar, Toch B mâcer)

 

 

nas    = nose

(I-E nâs-* = nose > Skr nas-  = nose, nása = nostrils, Hin nâk > Tzig nakh,  Zend nâh-, Lat nasum = nose, nares = nostrils, It naso, Sp nariz, Rum nas, Fr nez, Ags nasu, ohG nasa, Ge Nase, Eng nose, Du neus, Da næse, Swe näsa, oPrus nozy, Lit nósis, Rus [nos], Cz nos, Pol nos, SrCr nos)

 

 

ne   =  1) no,     2) not

(I-E ne*, nê*, nêi* = negative, ne-kwos* = not one, Skr= not, nakis = nobody, Zend na- = not, naêc’is’ = none, Lat ne-, non = not, nihil, nulla = nothing, nemo = nobody, nullus = none, nunquam = never, negare = to deny, It. non = not, niente, nulla = nothing, nessuno = nobody, Sp no = no, not, nada = nothing, nadie = nobody, ningun = none, nunca  = never, Rum nu = not, nimic = nothing, nimeni = nobody, nici un = none, o-Ir na(ch),  ni = not, Wel ni = not, Bret ne, na = not, netra = nothing, nikun = nobody, Got ni, nih, nei = not, Ge nein = no, nicht = not, nichts = nothing, nie(mals) = never, niemand = nobody, Eng no, not, never, no one, Du nee = no, niet = not, niets = nothing, niemand = nobody , nooit = never, Da, Swe nej = no, oSl ne = not, Rus [nié] = not, [nitchévo]= nothing, [nikto] = nobody, [nikogda] = never, SrCr ne = not, nis^ta = nothing, nitko = nobody, nikada = never, Cz ne = not, nic = nothing, nikdo = nobody, nikdy = never, Pol nie = not, nic = nothing, nikt = nobody, nigdy = never, oPrus ni = not, Lit ne = not, niekas = nobody, nothing, niekada = never, Latv ne = not, nekas = nothing, nelifens = nobody, nekad = never, Hit natta = not, SEE nit, nun, nekun, nevos)

 

 

noc   = night

(I-E nokts* = night, Skr nákt, Gr nux, nuktoV “nyx, nyktos”, Alb natë, Lat nox, It notte, Sp noche, Rum noapte, Wel nos, Bret noz, Got nahts, Ge Nacht, Eng night, Du nacht, Da nat, Swe natt, Lit naktis, Latv nakts, oPrus naktin, Rus [noch’], SrCr noc’, Cz noc, Pol noc, TochB nekciye = evening Hit nekuts = night)

 

 

nom   = name

(I-E en(o)mn*, nomn* = name, Skr nâma, Hin nâm, Zend nâma, Tzig anáv, Arm anoun, Alb emër, Gr onoma “onoma”, Lat nomen, It nome, fr nom, Sp nombre, Rum nume, o-Ir ainmm, Wel enw, Bret ano, Got namo, o-Ice nafn, Ge Name, Eng. name, Du naam, Da navn, Swe namn, oPrus emnes, oSl ime, SrCr. ime, Rus [imia], Cz jméno, Pol imie,, Toch A ñem, Toch B ñom)

 

 

novi   = new

( I-E néwos* = new, Skr návas,  Zend navô, Gr neoV “neos”, Lat novus, It nuovo, Sp nuevo, Fr neuf, nouveau, Rum nou, o-Ir núe, Gael nua, Wel newydd, Bret nevez, Got niujis, o-Ice nyr, ohG niuwi, Ge neu, Du nieuw, Eng new, Da, Swe ny, oPrus nauns, Lit naujas, Rus [novyi], Pol nowy, SrCr novi, Cz novy’, Arm nor, Toch A ñu, Toch B ñune, Hit. neua-)

 

 

pic   = fish

(I-E p(e)iskos* = fish > Lat piscis > It pesce, Sp pez, Port peixe, occ peis, Rum pes,te, Fr poisson, Got fisks, o-Ice fiskr, Ags, ohG fisk > Ge Fisch, Du vis, Eng fish, Swe fisk, Da fisk, Nor fisk, o-Ir íasc, Gael iasc, Bret pesk = fish, Rus [peskar’”]= gudgeon)

 

 

pod   = foot

(I-E pôts* = foot > Skr pât, pâdam, Zend pad- = foot, Arm ot-kh = feet, Alb posh = beneath, at the foot of, Gr pwV, podoV “pôs, podos”, Lat pes, pedis > It piede, Sp pie, Port , Rum picior, Fr pied, Got fotus, o-Ice fotr, ohG fuoz > Ge Fuß, Eng foot, Du voet, Da fod, Swe, Nor fot, Latv pêda, Lit péda = foot, péscias, oSl pés’- > Rus [peshkom], Cz pês’ky, SrCr pes^ice, Pol pieszo = on foot, Rus [pechekhod], Cz pês’ák, SrCr pes^ak, Pol pieszy = pedestrian, TochA pe, TochB paiyye, Hit pata- = foot)

 

 

roj    = red

(I-E roudhos*, rudhrós* = red > Skr róhita-, Zend raoi∂ita- = red, reddish, Skr rudhirás = red, bloody, blood, Gr ereuqw “ereuthô” = to redden, eruqroV “eruthros” = red, Lat rubidus = red-faced, ruber = red, rubor = red colour, rubeo = to be red, rutilus = bright-red, rufus = russet, russeus = brown-red > It rosso, Sp rojo, Rum ros,u, Fr rouge, o-Ir ruad, Gael rua, Wel rhudd, Bret ruz = red, Got rauths, o-Ice rau∂r, rjo∂r, Ags rêod,  rêad, ohG rot > Eng red, Ge rot, Du rood, Da, Nor rød, Swe röd = red

> Lit raudonas = red, raudà = red colour, rùdas brown-red, rùsvas = red-brown, Latv ruds russet, oSl rud- = red, ruda = ore, rus- = fair, ginger > Cz rudy’ = red, rusy’, Rus [ryjyï], Pol rudy, ryz’y, SrCr  rid, rus = russet, Rus [roussiï”] = light chestnut -brown

+ Rus [Rumianyï], Pol rumiany = pink, vermilion, Cz rumêny’ = vermilion, SrCr rumen = red)

 

 

sedo    = to sit

(I-E sed-*, sêd-* = to sit = Skr sad-, Zend had-, Skr sidati, Zend hi∂aiti = he’s sitting, Skr sádas = seat, Arm. nstim = I’m sitting, Gr ezomai “hezomai” = to sit, edoV “hedos”, edra “hedra” = seat = Lat sedes, sedere = It sedere = to sit, Sp, Port sentarse, Rum a se as,eza = to sit down, o-Ir sa(i)did = he’s sitting, Wel sedd = seat, seddu = to sit, Bret azezañ = to sit down, sez = seat, o-Ice sit, as sittiu, ohG sizzu = I’m sitting, Ge sitzen, Eng to sit, Du zitten, Da sidde, Swe sitta, Lit. sédëti, Latv sêdêt, oSl sêdêti, Rus [sidiet’], Pol siedziec’, SrCr sjediti, Cz sedêti = to sit)

 

 

snev   = snow

(I-E snigwhs*, snoigwhos* = snow, sneigwheti* = to snow, prakrit sineha = snow, Zend snaêz’a- = to snow, Gr nifa “nipha”= snow, nifei “niphei” = it’s snowing, Lat nix, nivis = snow, nivit = it’s snowing, It, Port neve, Sp nieve, Fr neige, Rum nea, ir snigid = it’s raining, snecht = snow, Gael sneachta, Wel nyf = snow, ohG, Ags sniwan = to snow, o-Ice snyr = it’s snowing, Got snaiws = snow, Ags snaw, ohG sneo, Ge Schnee, Eng snow, Du sneeuw, Da sne, Swe snö, oPrus  snaygis, Lit sniegas, Latv snìegs, oSl snêg-, Rus [snieg], Pol s’nieg, Cz sníh, SrCr  snijeg = snow)

 

 

sol   = sun

(I-E sâwel-*, genitive  swen-*, sun-* = sun, Skr svár, sûryas > Hin sûraj; Zend hvarë, Gr hlioV “hêlios”, Lat sol,-is, It sole, Sp sol, Fr soleil, Rum soare, o-Ir súil = eye, Wel haul, Bret heol = sun, Alb hül = star, Got sauil, o-Ice sol, Swe sol, Da sol, Nor sol, Lit saulé, Latv saule, oSl slunice, Rus [solntse], SrCr sunce, Cz slunce, Pol slonce = sun = Zend (gen.) xwëng, Got sunno, ohG sunno, sunna, Ge Sonne, Eng sun, Du zon)

 

 

sto   = to stand

(I-E stâyô*, stistâmi* = to stand > Skr tisthati, Zend his’taiti = I’m standing = Gr isthmi “isthêmi” = to stand up, sthmenai “stêmenai”, M.Gr stekomai “stekomai”, Skr sthitá, Alb shtuarë = standing, Lat stare, Rum a sta, It stare, Sp estar = to be (there), Got standan, o-Ice standa, ohG stan, stantan, Ge stehen, Eng stand, Du staan, Da, Swe, Nor stå, Lit stovéti, Latv stâvêt, oSl stojati, Rus [stoïat’], Pol stac’, SrCr stajati, Cz stát, Toch B stäm- = to stand)

taur   = bull

(I-E tauros* = bull > Gr tauroV “tauros”, Alb tarok, Lat taurus > It toro, Sp toro, Port touro, Rum taur, Fr taureau, Gaul tarvos, o-Ir tarb, Gael tarbh, Wel tarw, Bret tarv, o-Ice thjórr, Got stiur = young bull, ohG stior > Ge Stier, Du stier = bull, Da, Nor tyr, Swe tjur, o.Prus tauris = bison, Lit tauras, oSl tur- = aurochs > Rus [tour”], Pol tur = aurochs, Cz tur = ox)

 

 

tu   = you (thou)

(I-E tu*, accus  te*, dat toi*, tebh(e)i*, gen. t(e)we = you (thou), SEE ta, to, ti > Skr tuvám > Hin tu, Tzig tu, Zend tu, Arm du = you (thou), Gr su “su”, Alb ti, Lat tu > It tu, Sp , Port tu, Fr tu, Rum tu, o-Ir tu, Gael , Wel ti, Bret te, Got thu, o-Ice thu, as thu, ohG du, Ge du, Swe du, Da du, Nor du, oPrus tou,  Lit , Latv tu, oSl ty, Rus [ty], SrCr ti, Cz ty, Pol ty, TochA tu, B t(u)we, Hit zik, zikka)

 

 

un   = one

(I-E oinos* = one on a dice > Skr êna = he, Gr oinoV = one on a dice, Lat unus, It, Sp un, uno, Port um, uno, Rum un, unu, Fr un, Gael aon, o-Ir oen, Bret, Wel un, Got ains, Ge ein, eins, Eng a/n, one, Swe, Da, Nor en, Du een, Lit vienas, Latv viens, oSl jedin, SrCr jedan, Cz, Pol jeden, Rus [odin], M.Gr ena “ena” = one)

 

 

us    = out (of)

(I-E egz* = out (of) > Gr ek, ex- “ek, ex”, Lat ex, ex-, pref-  It es /s-, Sp ex-, Fr ex-, Eng ex- = out (of), Gaul ex-, o-Ir ess-, Gael as = from, out (of), Wel eh-, oPrus esse, Lit iz’, Latv iz, oSl iz > Rus [iz, is-], SrCr iz = out (of)

+ I-E ud* = up, and out, Skr úd-, út- = up, Zend us-, uz- = up, Lat us-que = up to, from, Got ut, Ags ut, ohG uz = out > Ge aus, Eng out, Du uit, Da ud, Nor ut, Swe ut = out (of), Lit uz’ = up)

 

 

vaj   = way

(I-E wei-*, wî-* = to go, to take the right direction, way > Skr. vithí- = row, way,

> I-E wegh-* = to move, pull, to go in a cart, wegh-no-*, wogh-no-s* = cart, SEE vag, weghyâ* = way > Gr oimoV “oimos” = way, Lat via = way > It via = way = Sp via, Port via, Fr voie,

> Skr váhati = he drives, pulls, marries, vâhás- = vehicle, Zend vazaiti = he drives, pulls, flies, Gr ocoV “okhos” = charriot, cart, ocew “okhéô” = to carry, Alb udhë = way, travel, urë = bridge

> Lat veho = 1 to carry, 2 to be carried, to ride a horse, tosail, vectura = fare, (price of) transport, vehi-culum = vehicle > It vettura = car, veicolo = vehicle = Fr voiture, véhicule, Sp vehículo = vehicle, Port viatura = car, veículo = vehicle, Rum vehicul, Eng vehicle

> o-Ir fên = sort of cart, fecht = travel, a time, Wel gwain = charriot, arwain = to drive, cywain = to go in a vehicle, gwaith , Bret gwezh, gwec’h = a time

> Got wigs, o-Ice vegr, ohG, Ags weg > Ge Weg, Du weg, Eng way, Swe väg, Da vej, Nor vei = way, 

> Lit. vèz’ti, Latv. vest, vadât = to carry, drive, Lit vèz’ìmas, Latv vezums = wagon, cart, o.Bul vesti = to carry, voz- = cart, Rus [vozit’, vezti’] = to carry, [voz] = wagon, Cz voziti = to carry, drive, vozík = cart, vozidlo = vehicle, vûz = car, wagon, carriage, SrCr vozati = to go for a drive, voziti, to go by car, carry, voz = train, convoy, voz’nja = journey, voyage, Pol. wozic’ = to drive, carry, woz =  car, wagon)

 

 

vin   = wine

(semitic origin [cf. Ethiop. wayn, Heb. yayin] or I-E ? wei-*, weië-*, wî-* = to bend, pliable branches, to plait, weave, creepers > ? Gr oinoV “oinos” = wine, oinh “oinê” = vine, Arm gini (mod kini), Alb. venë, verë, Lat vinum = wine > It, Sp vino, Port vinho, Rum wine, Fr vin, Got wein, ohG, As, Ags vin > Eng wine, Ge Wein, Du wijn, Swe, Da, Nor vin, o-Ir fin, Wel gwin, Bret gwin, oSl vin > Rus [vino], Cz, SrCr vino, Pol. wino, Lit vynas, Latv vins = wine)

 

 

vizo   = to see

(I-E weid-* = to see, to know, woida* = I saw, I know, wid-to-s* = seen, wid-ti-*, wid-tu-* = knowledge  > Skr vetti, vidmási, vidánti = to know, vidáti = he knows, vidá, védas, knowledge, vid- = who knows, teaches, vidmán- = wisdom, Zend vi∂ya = knowledge, vaê∂a, vîdarë = to know, Arm gitem (mod kidém) = I know, Gr eidw “eidô” = to see, to know, oida “oida” I know, eidon “eidon” = (M.Gr oida “îda” = I saw), eidomai “eidomai” = to make oneself seen, to appear, eidoV “eidos” = shape, figure,

Lat video = to see, vidi = I saw, visum = seen, viso = to see, to go and see, visito = to see often, visio = action of seeing, view, spectacle, visus = vew, look  > It vedere, Sp, Port ver, Rum a vedea, Fr voir = to see, SEE vizito

Got witan = to observe, witum = we know, Ags (be)witian = to contemplate, determine, witan = to know, o-Ice vita, vissa = to know, ohG wîzzan = to notice, pay attention, wizzan = to know, weizen = to show > Ge wissen, Du weten, Swe veta, Da vide, Nor vite = to know, Du wijzen, Swe visa, Da, Nor vise = to show,  SEE vis

Lit veizdéti = to see, pavìdalas = form, pavydas = envy, pavydéti = to envy, SEE invìd, Latv veids = form, veidot = to form, create, oSl vidêti   > Rus [vidiet’], SrCr videti, Cz vidêti, Pol. widziec’ = to see)

 

 

vod   = water

(I-E wódr-*, wedôr*, Gén. udnés* = water > Skr udaká-m, plur udá = water, Zend vaidi- = stream, ao∂a = wave, Arm get = river, Gr ‘udwr “hudôr”, Alb ujë = water, Lat unda = wave > It onda = wave, Fr onde = Sp, Port onda, SEE voln; o-Irl u(i)sce, Gael uisce = water, Got wato, o-Ice vatn, ohG wazzar, as watar, Ags wæter > Ge Wasser, Eng, Du water, Swe vatten, Da vand, Nor vann = water, o.Prus wundan, unds, Lit vanduõ, Latv ûdens = water, oSl voda, Rus [voda], SrCr, Cz voda, Pol woda, Hit wâtar = water, Toch.A wär, Toch.B war = water)

 

voln   = wave

(I-E wel-*, welë-*, ulê-* = to turn, twist, roll, wel(e)w-*, ul-ne-w-*, w(e)lei-* = to surround, roll up, wrap, wlmis* = wave > Skr válati = he turns round, urmís, Zend. varëmis’ = wave, Gr eilew “eileô” = to roll, roll up, wrap, elissw “elissô” = to roll, Alb valë = wave, Lat volvo = to roll, volumen = coiling up, spiral, whirl(pool),  

> Got walwjan = to roll, ohG wallan = to roll (waves), Ags wealca, ohG wella > Ge Welle = wave, oSl. val- = wave, Rus [val], SrCr val,  Pol fala = wave, Rum val

> Bal.Sl. wilnâ = wave > Lit vilnìs, Latv vilna, oSl vl-na > Rus [volna], Cz vlna = wave

+ I-E wegh-* = to move, SEE vego > Got wêgs = roar of waves, o-Ice vâgr = sea, bay, Ags wæg, ohG wâg > Ge. Woge, Swe våg = Fr vague, Port vaga, Bret gwagenn = wave

+ I-E webh-* =  to move, sway, swarm > Ags wafian = to move > Eng wave = wave

+ I-E wódr-*, wedôr*, udnés* = water, SEE vod  > lat unda = wave, undare = to be rough (waves) > It onda = wave, Fr onde = Sp, Port onda

+ Sp ola = wave, Bret houl  = waves, Fr houle)

 

 

 

Abréviations

Accus : Accusative 

Ags. : Anglo-saxon  

Alb. : Albanian 

Ar. : Arabic    

Arm : Armenian

As. : Ancient Saxon

Bal.sl : Balto-Slavic 

Bul. : Bulgarian    

Bret. : Breton           

Cor. : Cornish    

Cz. : Czech     

Da. : Danish    

Dat. : Dative           

Du. : Dutch         

Eng. : English      

fem. : Feminine     

Fr. : Français       

Frk. : Frankish         

Gael. : Gaelic (Irish)  

Gaul. : Gaulish   

Ge : German                

gen. : Genitive                    

Germ : Germanic  

Got. : Gothic      

Gr. : Greek  

m. Gr. : modern    Greek   

Heb. : Hébreu   

Hin. : Hindi   

Hit. : Hittite 

I-E : Indo-European 

Infl. : under the influence of    

Ir. : Irish  (= Gaelic)  

It. : Italian  

Kurd. : Kurdish

Lat. : Latin

l.lat. : Low Latin

Latv : Latvian

Lit. : Lithuanien

masc. : masculine

M.ir : Middle Irish

n. : neuter 

Nor. : Norwegian

oBul. : old Bulgarian

Occ. : Occitan

oFr. : old French

ohG : old High German

oIce. : old Icelandic

oIrl. : old Irish

oNor. : old Norse

 oPers. : old Persian

oSl. : old Slavic

pl. : plural

Pers. : Persian

Pol. : Polish

Port. : Portuguese

Rum. : Rumanian

 Rus. : Russian

 sing. : Singular

Skr. : Sanskrit

Sloven. : Slovene

Sp. : Spanish

Srcr. : Serbo-Croatian

Swe. : Swedish

TokhA,B : Tokharian A, B 

Tsik. : Tzigane (Kalderash)

Wel. : Welsh 

> : gave birth to 

< : derived from