Etymology
alten
** =
other
(I-E alyos* > Skr álikas = false,
Arm ayl = other = Gr alloV “allos”, Lat alius,
alter > It altro, Occ altre, Sp otro, Port outro, Rum alt = Fr autre, Gaul alios, o-Ir aile, Gael eile, Wel ail, Bret all, Got aljis, Ags elles > Eng else = other, TochB alyek = other
+ I-E anios,
anteros* = other > Skr
anyá-, Zend anya-, ainya-, o-Pers aniya-
= other, Skr ántaras, Got anthar, o-Ice annarr, ohG andar, Ags other > Eng other, Ge, Du ander, Da anden, Nor annen, Swe annan = other; Lit.
añtras, Latv otrais = 2e, oSl vutoru > Rus [vtoroy]
= 2nd, Cz útery’ = Tuesday (2nd day)
+ I-E ap* = off, away, SEE ap > Skr ápara- = following, other
> Hin aur = other > Tzig avér,
kavér = other)
bej =
bee
(I-E bhei-* = bee > Lat
fucus > It fuco = drone, o-Ir
bech, Gael beach, Ags béo, ohG bini = bee > Ge.
Biene, Du bij, Eng bee, Da, Swe bi, Nor bie, o.Prus bitte, Lit bìte, Latv bite, oSl b-c’ela = bee > Rus
[pchéla], SrCr pc^ela, Cz vc’ela, Pol pszczol-a = bee; Wel bydaf = beehive
infl. Fr abeille, Sp abeja < Lat apicula = little bee <
apis = bee)
calm =
straw, thatch
(I-E kolomos* = straw, thatch
> Gr kalamh “kalámê”
= thatch, kalamoV “kálamos”
= reed, M.Gr kalamwph “kalamôpî”
= thatch, Lat culmus = thatch, cereal stem, calamus = reed > Fr
chaume, Wel calaf = reed, o-Ice
halmr, Ags healm, ohG halm = thatch >
Ge Halm = thatch, Du halm = tige, Da halm, Swe halm, Nor halm = straw, oPrus
salme = straw, Latv salms = thatch, salmi = straw, oSl slama > Rus [soloma],
Cz sláma, SrCr slama, Pol sloma = straw, tsik
sulúm = straw, TochA. kulmämts = reed
infl. Gael cochán = straw, Bret
soul = thatch, kolo = straw)
drev =
tree
(I-E deru-*,
dóru-*, dr(e)u-* tree, SEE dar, Skr dáru- = wood, dravya- = tree-, drú- = wood, tree,
dhruvá- = firm, fast, drumás = tree, Zend dâuru = tree trunk,
piece of wood, Gr doru “doru” = tree,
wood, lance, druV, druoV “drus, druos”
= oak, dendron “dendron” = tree
(m.Gr dentro “dendro”), Alb
dru = wood, tree, drushk = oak, drizë = tree,
perhaps. Lat durus = hard, firm >
It duro, Sp, Port
duro, Fr
dur, Rum tare, SEE dar, o-Ir daur,
dair = aok, Gael dair, Wel derwen, Bret dervenn = oak, Got triu = wood, tree,
triggws = faithful, o.Nor trê, Ags trêow > Eng tree = tree, Da træ, Nor tre, Swe träd, oSl drêvo > Rus [derevo], SrCr drvo = tree, oSl drêva, Rus [drova], Pol drwa = wood, Lit drutas = big, strong,
Hit taru = wood, tree)
eln = elk
(I-E elk-*,
olk-* = elk > perhaps
Skr rs’as = male antilope, o-Ice elgr, ohG ëlho > Ge elch, Eng elk, Da elg, Swe älg
> germ álcis*
> Gr alkh “alkê”,
Lat alces > It alce, Sp alce = elk
> Rus [los’], Cz
los, Pol los = elk
> I-E el-n*,
el-en* = hart > Gr elafoV “elaphos” = hart,
o-Ir elit = roe deer, Wel elain = doe, Latv alnis = elk, Lit élnis,
élnias = hart > Ge Elen, Du eland, Rum elan = Fr élan)
frat = brother
(I-E bhrâtêr*
= brother > Skr. bhrâtar- > Hin bhâi, Tzig phral; Zend brâtar-
> Pers. barâdar; Arm. el-bair = brother (mod
yeghpayr), Gr fratra “fratra” = clan,
family, phratry, frathr, fratrwr “phratêr,
phratôr” = member of a phratry, Lat frater = brother >
It fratello, Rum frate, Fr frère; Sp fraile, Port frei, Ge Frater, Du frater
= brother, (relig.), Sp, Port,
Eng fraternal, Ge fraternisieren, Da frater-nisere = to fraternize
> o-Ir. brâth(a)ir > Gael bráthair, Wel brawd, Bret. breur, Got bhrothar, ohG bruodar, Ag brothor > Ge Bruder, Du broeder, Eng brother, Swe, Da broder,
bror, Nor bror = brother, Lit
brólis, Latv bralis, oSl. bratru > Rus [brat],
SrCr brat, Cz bratr, Pol brat, Toch A pracar, B procer)
gov = ox
(I-E gwous* = ox > Skr gáus = ox > Hin
gây, Tzig guruv (< Skr gorûpa- = cow-shaped),
Zend gâu∫ = ox > Pers gâv = cow, Arm kov = cow, Gr bouV “bous” = ox, cow,
Lat bos/bovis = ox > It bue, Sp buey, Port boi, Rum bou , Fr boeuf = ox, o-Ir bó, Gael. bó, Wel buwch, Bret buc’h = cow, o-Ice ky’r, ohG chuo, Ags cû = cow > Eng
cow, Ge Kuh, Du koe, Swe, Da ko, Nor ku, Latv govs = cow, Lit
gaujà = herd, oSl. govêdo = bovine >
Rus [goviadina], SrCr govedina = beef, govedo = bovine, govedar = cattleman, Cz
hovêzí = ox-,
TochA ko, Toch B keu = cow
infl I-E
kerëwos* = horned, SEE cirv >
Alb ka = ox, Lit kárve, oSl krava = cow > Rus
[korova], Pol krowa, SrCr. krava, Cz kráva = cow)
he = he
(I-E ko-*,
ke-* = here, pronoun: this one, that
one, Arm -s = article, sa = this one, Gr
ekei
“ekei”
= there, ekeinoV “ekeinos” = that
one, Lat particle -ce, ce- in hi-c = here, ec-ce = here is, o-Ir
cê = here, o.Nor hann = he, hon = she, Da han,
hun, Swe han, hon, Du hij = he, Eng he, ohG hê,
her = he, Lit s’ís, Latv s’is = this, s’e
= here, Hit ki = this
+ I-E e-*,
ei-*, i-* pronoun = he, Skr ayám, Lat is, id = he, him, this,
o-Ir. ê (hê), Gael. é, sé = he, Bret eñ = he, hen,
e = him, Got is, ohG er, ir > Ge er = he, es = it, Lit jìs, Hit a∫ = he, is = this, oSl. (j)e-se = here is, Rus.
[é-to] = this (neuter), [é-tot”] = this
(masc.), SEE je )
ito = to go
(I-E ei-*,
ei-dh-*, i-ta-* = to go, Skr êmi,
êti, imáh, yánti = to go, Zend aêiti,
yeinti, vpers aitiy = he goes, Gr
eimi
“eimi”
= I’ll go, Lat eo = I go, it, ite he goes, you go,
Sp ir = to go, iré = I’ll go, Fr.
irai, iras = I, he’ll go, etc…, Got iddja
= I went, o. Prus êit = he goes, Lit
eiti = to go, Latv iêt, oSl iti, Rus [itti] =
to go, SrCr ic’i, Cz jíti, Pol. isc’, Toch B yam = he goes, Hit
i-it = go! o-Ir ethaid = he goes, Lat
itio = going, iter/itineris = way (= Toch
A ytar, Hit i-tar), Gr iqma (ithma) = walk)
jedo = to eat
(I-E ed-*
to eat, Skr ádmi = I eat, Arm udèl
= to eat, Gr homérique
edmenai
= to
eat, Lat edo = I eat, com-edere = to devour >
Sp comer = to eat, o-Ir esse = eaten, Gael
ith, Wel ys = he eats, Got
itan, v.norr eta, Ge essen, Du eten, Eng eat, Swe äta, Da æde, o.Prus ist = to eat, Lit
esti (edu), Latv êst (êdu) oSl jesti, Rus [yest, yedim], Cz jíst (jedí), SrCr jesti, (jedem), Pol. jesc’, Hit et- = to eat)
3ivo = to live
(I-E gwîwô* = to live, gwoio-s*,
gwîti-s,
gwîwotâ* = life > Skr
jivitam, Gr bioth “biotê”,
Lat vita, o-Ir bethu, Gael beatha, Wel bywyd, Lit gyvatà, oSl z’ivotu = life, Skr jîvâtuh = life, jîrá- = lively, full
of life, jîvá- = living, jîvati = he lives,
Zend gayo = life, jyâiti- (in compounds) = life, jva- = living, jvaiti = he lives, Arm
keam = I live, Gr. zww “zôô”
= I live, zwh “zôê”
= life, bioV “bios” = life,
Lat vivus = living, vivere = to live, vita = life, > It vivere, vita, Sp vivir,
vida, Fr vivre, vie, Got qius = living, ohG
quëh, quëk, Ags cwicu = living, Ge quick, Da kvik, Du kwiek = lively, nimble,
Eng quick, Swe kvick = lively, quick,
o-Ir biu, Wel byw, Bret beo = living, Gael
beo = life, living, Wel bywyd = life, oSl z’iti = to live, z’ivotu = life, Rus [zhit’, zhizn’, zhivoï] = to live, life, living
= SrCr ^zivjeti, ^zivot, ^ziv, Cz z’íti, z’ívot,
z’ivy’, Pol. z’yc’, z’ycie, z’ywy, Latv dzîga = life, dzîguôt = to live, dzîvs = living, Lit
gyvas = living, gyventi = to live, gyvybé = life, Toch B
sai- = to live)
ka = what ?
(I-E kwo-*,
kwe-*, kwâ-*, kwei-*, kwu-* = interrogatives,
SEE kan, ke, ko, kim, kel
Skr káh = who?, kím = what?, kíh = who?, Zend ko = who?, kâ = how?, Arm o = who ?, kani = how much,
Gr tiV “tis” = who, what?,
ph “pê” = how?
where?, pou “pou” = where?,
poioV
“poios”=
which?, Alb kë = who? (object), çë = what?, kush = who, Lat quis = who?, what?,
quid = what?, It chi = who?, che = what?, Sp.
quién = who?, qué = what?, Rum cine,
ce = who?, ce = what?,
o-Ir cid = what?, cia = who? > Gael
cad = what?,
cé = who? Wel. pwy = who?, Bret.
piv = who?, petra = what?, pe = which?
Got hvas = who?, hva = what?, Ags.
hwâ = who?,
hwæt = what? ohG. hwer = who?, hwaz = what? > Ge
wer =
who?, was = que, what?, Eng what , who = who?, Du wie = who?, wat = what?, Da. hvem = who?, hvad = what, Swe vem = who?, vad = what?,
oPrus. kas,
ka = who?, Lit kás = who, what?,
Latv kas = who?, what?
oSl k-to = who?, c’-to = what?, Rus [kto]
= who?, [chto] = what?, Pol kto = who?, co = what?, Cz kdo = who?, co = what?, SrCr
(t)ko = who?, ^sta, ^sto = what?,
Toch A kus = what?, Hit.
kuis’ = who)
kun = dog
(I-E kwôn*
= dog > Skr s’vâ (gen s’únas), Zend spâ, Pers sag, Kurd sah, Alb shak(ë) (bitch), Rus [sobaka] = dog, (Cz c’ubka = bitch), Arm s’un, Gr kuwn “kuôn”,
Lat canis > It cane, Sp can, Port cão, Rum cîine, Occ can, Fr chien, o-Ir cú (gen con), Wel ci (Pl. cwn), Bret ki, Got hunds, o-Ice hundr, Ags hund, ohG hunt > Ge Hund, Du hond, Eng hound, Swe, Da, Nor
hund = dog, o.Prus sunis, Lit. s’uõ
(gen s’uñs), Latv suns (kuna = bitch), TochAB
ku = dog
+ SrCr kuja = bitch, Hin kuttâ = dog)
linga = language
(I-E dnghwâ* = tongue > Skr
jihvâ > Hin jibh, Tzig. s’ip, Zend hizvâ > Pers huzvân, Arm lezu, Lat lingua
(< dingua) > It lingua, Port língua, Sp lengua, Rum limbä, Fr langue = Eng language; o-Ir teng > Gael teanga, Got tuggo, Ags tunge, ohG zunga > Ge Zunge, Eng tongue, Du tong, Da tunge, Swe tunga, oPrus insuwis, Lit liez’ùvis = tongue (anat.),
oSl. jezyk- > Rus [iazyk],
SrCr jezik, Cz jazyk, Pol je,zyk, TochA käntu, TochB kantwo = tongue, language)
luc = light
(I-E leukos*,
loukis*, louks* = light, louksnâ* = moon, SEE
luns, lun > Skr rocís, Zend raocah- = light, Arm lois
= light, lusin = moon, Gr leukoV “leukos” = white,
lucnoV “lukhnos” = lamp, lantern, Lat lux, lumen = light, luceo = to light, shine,
luna = moon > It luce, luna, Sp luz, luna, Port luz, lua, Rum luminä,
lunä , Fr. lumière, lune
=
light, moon, m.Ir. luan = light, moon, Gael léas = ray, beam, loinnir = light, brilliance,
Wel llug = gleam, brightness, lluched, Bret luc’hedenn = lightning, luc’h, luc’hañ = to gleam, Wel
lloer, Bret loar = moon, Got liuhath, Ge Licht, Du licht, Eng light, Da lys, Swe ljus,
oSl luc’, oBul. luc’a, Rus [loutch”]
= ray, beam, Sloven lúc^ = light, SrCr luc^, luc^a = ray, beam, o.Bul
luna, Rus [loona] = moon, Hit. luk(k)- = to gleam, tolight
up)
mar = sea
(I-E mori* = sea > perhaps
Skr maryáda = frontier, limit, (shore?),
marús = sand desert, Lat mare
> It mare, Rum mare, Sp mar, Port mar, Fr mer, Tzig muárja, o-Ir muir, Gael muir, Wel mor, Cor, Bret mor, Got marei, o-Ice marr (+lake), As meri, Ags mere (+ lake, pond),
ohG mari, Ge Meer, Du meer (lac), Eng mere, oSl morje = sea, Rus [more],
SrCr more, Pol morze, Cz mor’e, o.Prus mary = gulf, bay, Lit
mãrios = sea )
mata = mother
(I-E mâtêr = mother > Skr
mâtár-, Hin mata, ma, Zend mâtar, pers madar, Arm mair, Alb motrë
(= sister), Gr mhthr “mêtêr”,
M.Gr mhtera “mitéra”,
Lat mater > It,
Sp madre, Port mãe, Fr mère, o.Irl mathir, Gael mathair, Bret mamm, ohG muoter, Ge Mutter, Ags modor, Eng mother, Du moeder, o-Ice modir, Swe, Nor, Da
moder / mor, o.Prus muti, mothe, Lit móte, Latv mâte, oSl mati, Rus [mat'], SrCr
majka, Pol, Cz matka, Toch A mâcar, Toch B mâcer)
nas = nose
(I-E nâs-*
= nose > Skr nas- =
nose, nása = nostrils, Hin nâk > Tzig nakh, Zend nâh-, Lat nasum = nose, nares = nostrils, It
naso, Sp nariz, Rum nas, Fr nez, Ags nasu, ohG nasa, Ge Nase, Eng nose, Du neus, Da næse, Swe näsa, oPrus nozy, Lit nósis, Rus [nos], Cz
nos, Pol nos, SrCr nos)
ne = 1) no, 2)
not
(I-E ne*,
nê*, nêi* = negative, ne-kwos* = not one, Skr
ná = not, nakis = nobody, Zend
na- = not, naêc’is’ = none, Lat ne-,
non = not, nihil, nulla = nothing,
nemo = nobody, nullus = none, nunquam = never, negare = to deny, It.
non = not, niente, nulla = nothing, nessuno
= nobody, Sp no = no, not, nada
= nothing, nadie = nobody, ningun = none, nunca
= never, Rum nu = not, nimic = nothing, nimeni
= nobody, nici un = none, o-Ir na(ch), ni = not, Wel ni = not, Bret
ne, na = not, netra = nothing, nikun = nobody, Got
ni, nih, nei = not, Ge nein = no, nicht = not, nichts = nothing, nie(mals) = never, niemand = nobody, Eng
no, not, never, no one, Du nee = no, niet = not, niets = nothing, niemand = nobody ,
nooit = never, Da, Swe nej = no, oSl ne = not, Rus [nié]
= not, [nitchévo]= nothing, [nikto] = nobody, [nikogda] = never, SrCr
ne = not, nis^ta = nothing, nitko = nobody, nikada = never, Cz ne = not, nic = nothing, nikdo = nobody, nikdy = never, Pol nie = not, nic = nothing,
nikt = nobody, nigdy = never, oPrus
ni = not, Lit ne = not, niekas = nobody, nothing,
niekada = never, Latv ne = not, nekas = nothing, nelifens = nobody, nekad = never, Hit natta = not, SEE nit, nun,
nekun, nevos)
noc = night
(I-E
nokts* = night, Skr nákt, Gr nux, nuktoV “nyx, nyktos”,
Alb natë, Lat nox, It notte, Sp noche, Rum noapte, Wel nos, Bret noz, Got nahts, Ge Nacht, Eng night, Du nacht, Da nat, Swe natt, Lit naktis, Latv nakts, oPrus naktin, Rus [noch’],
SrCr noc’, Cz noc, Pol noc, TochB nekciye = evening Hit
nekuts = night)
nom = name
(I-E en(o)mn*,
nomn* = name, Skr nâma, Hin nâm, Zend nâma, Tzig anáv, Arm anoun, Alb emër, Gr onoma “onoma”, Lat nomen, It nome, fr nom, Sp nombre, Rum nume, o-Ir ainmm, Wel enw, Bret ano, Got namo, o-Ice nafn, Ge Name, Eng. name, Du naam, Da navn, Swe namn, oPrus emnes, oSl ime, SrCr. ime, Rus [imia], Cz
jméno, Pol imie,, Toch A ñem, Toch B ñom)
novi = new
( I-E néwos* = new, Skr návas, Zend navô, Gr neoV “neos”, Lat novus, It nuovo, Sp nuevo, Fr neuf, nouveau, Rum nou, o-Ir núe, Gael nua, Wel newydd, Bret nevez, Got niujis, o-Ice nyr, ohG niuwi, Ge neu, Du nieuw, Eng new, Da, Swe ny, oPrus nauns, Lit naujas, Rus [novyi],
Pol nowy, SrCr novi, Cz novy’, Arm nor, Toch A ñu, Toch B ñune, Hit. neua-)
pic = fish
(I-E p(e)iskos* = fish > Lat
piscis > It pesce, Sp pez, Port peixe, occ peis, Rum pes,te, Fr poisson, Got fisks, o-Ice fiskr, Ags, ohG fisk > Ge Fisch, Du vis, Eng fish, Swe fisk, Da fisk, Nor fisk, o-Ir íasc, Gael iasc, Bret pesk = fish, Rus [peskar’”]=
gudgeon)
pod = foot
(I-E pôts* = foot > Skr
pât, pâdam, Zend pad- = foot, Arm ot-kh = feet, Alb posh = beneath, at
the foot of, Gr pwV, podoV “pôs, podos”,
Lat pes, pedis > It piede, Sp pie, Port pé, Rum picior, Fr pied, Got fotus, o-Ice fotr, ohG fuoz > Ge Fuß, Eng foot, Du voet, Da fod, Swe, Nor fot, Latv pêda, Lit péda = foot, péscias, oSl pés’-
> Rus [peshkom], Cz pês’ky, SrCr pes^ice, Pol pieszo = on foot, Rus
[pechekhod], Cz pês’ák, SrCr pes^ak, Pol pieszy
= pedestrian, TochA pe, TochB paiyye, Hit pata- = foot)
roj = red
(I-E roudhos*,
rudhrós* = red > Skr
róhita-, Zend raoi∂ita- = red, reddish,
Skr rudhirás = red, bloody, blood, Gr ereuqw “ereuthô”
= to redden, eruqroV “eruthros” = red,
Lat rubidus = red-faced, ruber = red, rubor = red colour,
rubeo = to be red, rutilus = bright-red,
rufus = russet, russeus = brown-red >
It rosso, Sp rojo, Rum ros,u, Fr rouge, o-Ir ruad, Gael rua, Wel rhudd, Bret ruz = red, Got rauths, o-Ice rau∂r,
rjo∂r, Ags rêod, rêad, ohG rot > Eng red, Ge rot, Du rood, Da, Nor rød, Swe röd = red
> Lit raudonas = red, raudà = red colour,
rùdas brown-red, rùsvas = red-brown, Latv
ruds russet, oSl rud- = red, ruda = ore, rus- = fair, ginger
> Cz rudy’ = red, rusy’, Rus [ryjyï],
Pol rudy, ryz’y, SrCr rid, rus = russet, Rus [roussiï”]
= light chestnut -brown
+ Rus [Rumianyï],
Pol rumiany = pink, vermilion, Cz rumêny’
= vermilion, SrCr rumen = red)
sedo = to sit
(I-E
sed-*, sêd-* = to sit = Skr
sad-, Zend had-, Skr sidati, Zend hi∂aiti = he’s sitting,
Skr sádas = seat, Arm. nstim = I’m sitting,
Gr ezomai
“hezomai”
= to sit, edoV “hedos”, edra “hedra” = seat
= Lat sedes, sedere = It sedere
= to sit, Sp, Port sentarse, Rum a se as,eza = to sit down,
o-Ir sa(i)did = he’s sitting, Wel sedd
= seat, seddu = to sit, Bret
azezañ = to sit down, sez = seat, o-Ice
sit, as sittiu, ohG sizzu = I’m sitting,
Ge sitzen, Eng to sit, Du zitten, Da sidde, Swe sitta, Lit. sédëti, Latv sêdêt, oSl sêdêti, Rus [sidiet’],
Pol siedziec’, SrCr sjediti, Cz sedêti = to sit)
snev = snow
(I-E snigwhs*,
snoigwhos* = snow, sneigwheti* = to snow, prakrit
sineha = snow, Zend snaêz’a- = to snow, Gr nifa “nipha”= snow,
nifei
“niphei”
= it’s snowing, Lat nix, nivis = snow, nivit = it’s snowing,
It, Port neve, Sp nieve, Fr neige, Rum nea, ir snigid
= it’s raining, snecht = snow, Gael sneachta,
Wel nyf = snow, ohG, Ags
sniwan = to snow, o-Ice snyr = it’s snowing,
Got snaiws = snow, Ags snaw, ohG sneo, Ge Schnee, Eng snow, Du sneeuw, Da sne, Swe snö, oPrus snaygis, Lit sniegas, Latv snìegs, oSl snêg-, Rus [snieg],
Pol s’nieg, Cz sníh, SrCr snijeg = snow)
sol = sun
(I-E sâwel-*, genitive swen-*, sun-* = sun, Skr svár,
sûryas > Hin sûraj; Zend hvarë, Gr hlioV “hêlios”,
Lat sol,-is, It sole, Sp sol, Fr soleil, Rum soare, o-Ir súil = eye, Wel haul, Bret heol
= sun, Alb hül = star, Got sauil, o-Ice sol, Swe sol, Da sol, Nor sol, Lit saulé, Latv saule, oSl slunice, Rus [solntse],
SrCr sunce, Cz slunce, Pol slonce = sun = Zend (gen.)
xwëng, Got sunno, ohG sunno, sunna, Ge Sonne, Eng sun, Du zon)
sto = to stand
(I-E
stâyô*, stistâmi* = to stand >
Skr tisthati, Zend his’taiti = I’m standing
= Gr isthmi “isthêmi”
= to stand up, sthmenai “stêmenai”,
M.Gr stekomai “stekomai”, Skr
sthitá, Alb shtuarë = standing, Lat
stare, Rum a sta, It stare, Sp estar = to be (there),
Got standan, o-Ice standa, ohG stan,
stantan, Ge stehen, Eng stand, Du staan, Da, Swe, Nor
stå, Lit stovéti, Latv stâvêt, oSl stojati, Rus [stoïat’],
Pol stac’, SrCr stajati, Cz stát, Toch B stäm- = to stand)
taur = bull
(I-E tauros* = bull > Gr
tauroV “tauros”, Alb
tarok, Lat taurus > It toro, Sp toro, Port touro, Rum taur, Fr taureau, Gaul tarvos, o-Ir tarb, Gael tarbh, Wel tarw, Bret tarv, o-Ice thjórr, Got stiur = young bull,
ohG stior > Ge Stier, Du stier = bull, Da, Nor
tyr, Swe tjur, o.Prus tauris = bison, Lit tauras, oSl tur- = aurochs >
Rus [tour”], Pol tur = aurochs, Cz tur = ox)
tu = you (thou)
(I-E tu*, accus te*, dat
toi*, tebh(e)i*, gen.
t(e)we = you (thou), SEE ta, to,
ti > Skr tuvám > Hin tu, Tzig tu, Zend tu, Arm du = you (thou),
Gr su “su”, Alb ti, Lat tu > It tu, Sp tú, Port tu, Fr tu, Rum tu, o-Ir tu, Gael tú, Wel ti, Bret te, Got thu, o-Ice thu, as thu, ohG du, Ge du, Swe du, Da du, Nor du, oPrus tou, Lit tù, Latv tu, oSl ty, Rus [ty], SrCr
ti, Cz ty, Pol ty, TochA tu, B t(u)we, Hit zik, zikka)
un = one
(I-E oinos* = one on a dice
> Skr êna = he, Gr oinoV = one on a dice,
Lat unus, It, Sp un, uno, Port um, uno, Rum un, unu, Fr un, Gael aon, o-Ir oen, Bret, Wel un, Got ains, Ge ein, eins, Eng a/n, one, Swe, Da, Nor
en, Du een, Lit vienas, Latv viens, oSl jedin, SrCr jedan, Cz, Pol jeden, Rus [odin], M.Gr
ena
“ena”
= one)
us = out (of)
(I-E egz* = out (of) >
Gr ek,
ex-
“ek, ex”, Lat ex, ex-, pref-
It es /s-, Sp ex-, Fr ex-, Eng ex- = out (of), Gaul
ex-, o-Ir ess-, Gael as = from, out (of),
Wel eh-, oPrus esse, Lit iz’, Latv iz, oSl iz > Rus [iz,
is-], SrCr iz = out (of)
+ I-E ud* = up, and out,
Skr úd-, út- = up, Zend us-, uz- = up, Lat us-que = up to, from,
Got ut, Ags ut, ohG uz = out > Ge
aus, Eng out, Du uit, Da ud, Nor ut, Swe ut = out (of), Lit
uz’ = up)
vaj = way
(I-E wei-*,
wî-* = to go, to take
the right direction, way > Skr. vithí- = row, way,
> I-E
wegh-* = to move, pull,
to go in a cart, wegh-no-*, wogh-no-s* = cart, SEE vag, weghyâ* = way > Gr oimoV “oimos” = way,
Lat via = way > It via = way = Sp via, Port via, Fr voie,
> Skr váhati = he drives, pulls,
marries, vâhás- = vehicle, Zend vazaiti = he drives, pulls,
flies, Gr ocoV “okhos” = charriot,
cart, ocew “okhéô”
= to carry, Alb udhë = way, travel, urë = bridge
> Lat veho = 1 to carry,
2 to be carried, to ride a horse, tosail, vectura = fare, (price
of) transport, vehi-culum = vehicle > It vettura = car, veicolo = vehicle = Fr
voiture, véhicule, Sp vehículo = vehicle, Port
viatura = car, veículo = vehicle, Rum
vehicul, Eng vehicle
> o-Ir fên = sort of cart,
fecht = travel, a time, Wel gwain = charriot, arwain = to drive, cywain = to go in a vehicle,
gwaith , Bret gwezh, gwec’h = a time
> Got wigs, o-Ice vegr, ohG, Ags weg > Ge Weg, Du weg, Eng way, Swe väg, Da vej, Nor vei = way,
> Lit. vèz’ti, Latv. vest,
vadât = to carry, drive, Lit vèz’ìmas, Latv vezums = wagon, cart,
o.Bul vesti = to carry, voz- = cart, Rus [vozit’,
vezti’] = to carry, [voz] = wagon, Cz voziti = to carry, drive,
vozík = cart, vozidlo = vehicle, vûz = car, wagon,
carriage, SrCr vozati = to go for a drive, voziti, to go by car,
carry, voz = train, convoy, voz’nja = journey, voyage,
Pol. wozic’ = to drive, carry, woz = car, wagon)
vin = wine
(semitic origin
[cf. Ethiop. wayn, Heb.
yayin] or I-E ?
wei-*, weië-*, wî-* = to bend, pliable branches,
to plait, weave, creepers > ? Gr oinoV “oinos” = wine,
oinh “oinê” =
vine, Arm gini (mod kini), Alb. venë,
verë, Lat vinum = wine > It,
Sp vino, Port vinho, Rum wine, Fr vin, Got wein, ohG, As, Ags
vin > Eng wine, Ge Wein, Du wijn, Swe, Da, Nor
vin, o-Ir fin, Wel gwin, Bret gwin, oSl vin > Rus [vino],
Cz, SrCr vino, Pol. wino, Lit vynas, Latv vins = wine)
vizo = to see
(I-E weid-* = to see, to know, woida* = I saw, I know,
wid-to-s* = seen, wid-ti-*,
wid-tu-* = knowledge > Skr vetti, vidmási, vidánti
= to know, vidáti = he knows, vidá,
védas, knowledge, vid- = who knows, teaches,
vidmán- = wisdom, Zend vi∂ya = knowledge, vaê∂a,
vîdarë = to know, Arm gitem (mod kidém) = I know, Gr
eidw “eidô”
= to see, to know, oida “oida” I know, eidon “eidon” = (M.Gr
oida “îda” =
I saw), eidomai “eidomai” = to
make oneself seen, to appear, eidoV “eidos” = shape,
figure,
Lat video = to see, vidi = I saw, visum = seen, viso = to see, to go
and see, visito = to see often, visio = action of seeing,
view, spectacle, visus = vew, look
> It vedere, Sp, Port ver, Rum a vedea, Fr voir = to see, SEE vizito
Got witan = to observe,
witum = we know, Ags (be)witian = to contemplate,
determine, witan = to know, o-Ice vita, vissa = to know, ohG
wîzzan = to notice, pay attention,
wizzan = to know, weizen = to show >
Ge wissen, Du weten, Swe veta, Da vide, Nor vite = to know, Du
wijzen, Swe visa, Da, Nor vise = to show, SEE vis
Lit veizdéti = to see, pavìdalas = form, pavydas = envy, pavydéti = to envy, SEE invìd, Latv veids = form, veidot = to form, create,
oSl vidêti
> Rus [vidiet’], SrCr videti, Cz vidêti, Pol. widziec’ = to see)
vod = water
(I-E wódr-*,
wedôr*, Gén. udnés* = water > Skr
udaká-m, plur udá = water, Zend
vaidi- = stream, ao∂a = wave, Arm get = river, Gr ‘udwr “hudôr”,
Alb ujë = water, Lat unda = wave > It
onda = wave, Fr onde = Sp, Port onda, SEE voln; o-Irl u(i)sce, Gael uisce = water, Got wato, o-Ice vatn, ohG wazzar, as watar, Ags wæter
> Ge Wasser, Eng, Du water, Swe vatten, Da vand, Nor vann = water, o.Prus
wundan, unds, Lit vanduõ, Latv ûdens = water, oSl voda, Rus [voda], SrCr,
Cz voda, Pol woda, Hit wâtar = water, Toch.A
wär, Toch.B war = water)
voln = wave
(I-E wel-*,
welë-*, ulê-* = to turn, twist,
roll, wel(e)w-*, ul-ne-w-*,
w(e)lei-* = to surround, roll up, wrap, wlmis* = wave > Skr
válati = he turns round, urmís, Zend. varëmis’ = wave, Gr eilew “eileô”
= to roll, roll up, wrap, elissw “elissô”
= to roll, Alb valë = wave, Lat volvo = to roll, volumen = coiling up,
spiral, whirl(pool),
> Got walwjan = to roll, ohG
wallan = to roll (waves), Ags wealca, ohG wella > Ge Welle = wave, oSl. val- = wave, Rus [val],
SrCr val, Pol
fala = wave, Rum val
> Bal.Sl. wilnâ = wave > Lit
vilnìs, Latv vilna, oSl vl-na > Rus [volna],
Cz vlna = wave
+ I-E wegh-* = to move, SEE vego > Got wêgs = roar of waves,
o-Ice vâgr = sea, bay, Ags wæg, ohG wâg > Ge. Woge, Swe våg = Fr vague, Port vaga, Bret gwagenn = wave
+ I-E webh-* = to move, sway, swarm > Ags wafian = to move >
Eng wave = wave
+ I-E wódr-*,
wedôr*, udnés* = water, SEE vod >
lat unda = wave, undare = to be rough
(waves) > It onda = wave, Fr onde = Sp, Port onda
+ Sp ola = wave, Bret houl
= waves, Fr houle)
Abréviations
Accus : Accusative Ags. : Anglo-saxon Alb. : Albanian Ar. : Arabic Arm : Armenian As. : Ancient Saxon Bal.sl : Balto-Slavic Bul. : Bulgarian Bret. : Breton
Cor. : Cornish Cz. : Czech Da. : Danish Dat. : Dative Du. : Dutch Eng. : English fem. : Feminine Fr. : Français Frk. : Frankish
Gael. : Gaelic
(Irish) Gaul. : Gaulish Ge : German
gen. : Genitive
Germ : Germanic |
Got. : Gothic Gr. : Greek m. Gr. : modern
Greek Heb. : Hébreu Hin. : Hindi Hit. : Hittite I-E : Indo-European Infl. : under the influence
of Ir. : Irish
(= Gaelic) It. : Italian Kurd. : Kurdish Lat. : Latin
Latv : Latvian Lit. : Lithuanien masc. : masculine M.ir : Middle Irish n. : neuter Nor. : Norwegian oBul. : old Bulgarian Occ. : Occitan oFr. : old French ohG : old High German |
oIrl. : old Irish oNor. : old Norse oPers. : old Persian oSl. : old Slavic pl. : plural Pers. : Persian Pol. : Polish Port. : Portuguese Rum. : Rumanian Rus.
: Russian sing.
: Singular Skr. : Sanskrit Sloven. : Slovene Sp. : Spanish Srcr. : Serbo-Croatian Swe. : Swedish TokhA,B : Tokharian
A, B Tsik. : Tzigane
(Kalderash) Wel. : Welsh > : gave birth to < : derived from |