Uropi-English grammatical dictionary |
Uropi |
English |
Examples |
a | to (aim, direction), to (dative) |
Ito a skol = to go to school, ito a dom = to go home, ito ru a siu genipòl = return to one's
native town, Davo ekwa a u fram = to give something
to a friend, dezo halo a de kide = to say Hello to the children |
a dest | right, to the right (movement) | Vir a dest ! = turn right !, Glad a dest ! = Look
right ! Zi un doʒ viro a dest = here one should turn right |
a lif | left, to the left (movement) | Vir a lif ! = turn left !, glad a lif ! = look left ! |
-a, -as | indicating feminine (singular and plural) | frat, sesta = brother, sister, son, dota = son,
daughter, man, ʒina = man, woman, kat = (tom-)cat, kata = (she-)cat, gal
= cock, gala = hen, doktor = doctor, doktora = woman-doctor, prisedan =
president, prisedana = woman-president, avokàt = lawyer, avokata =
woman-lawyer |
-ad | -ing, -tion, -ness … (noun suffix) | snivo = to swim, snivad = swimming, pivo = to drink, pivad = drinking, akto = to act, aktad = action, bun = good, kind, bunad = kindness, voko = to speak, vokad = speech |
aj | yes | Vol vu tej ? -Aj = would you like
some tea ? -yes, Ce dez aj a talun = she says yes to everybody, aj,
siurim = yes, certainly, aj
o ne ? = yes or no ? aj
id ne = yes and no, aj
(mi) sior ? = yes sir ? |
alòng | along | Alòng de vaj = along the way, alòng de riv = along the river |
altem | otherwise (adv.) | Je moz ne so altem = it cannot be
otherwise, He avev ne mozen akto altem = he could not have acted other than he did, |
alten | other (adj. & pron.) , else | Un alten = another (one), Dav mo un alten kemìz = give me
another shirt, de alten =
the other one, de alten mold = the other world, de alten dia = the other day, un alten vos = another time, un pos alten = one after the other, nekun alten = nobody else, ekwa alten = something else, ekia alten = somewhere else, nit alten = nothing else |
altene | others (pron.) | Je ste altene = there are some
others, altene av voken ov ha = others have spoken about him, eke
gus faro avim, altene trenim = some like flying,
others prefer the train, da man od tale altene = that man of all others |
altia | elsewhere, somewhere else | Set ja altia ! = put it somewhere
else ! hi ment, hi mene se altia = his mind is elsewhere, lu ven od
altia = they come from somewhere else |
-an | -ing (suff. present participle) | liamo = to love, liaman = loving, sopo = to sleep, sopan = sleeping, varko = to work, i se varkan = I'm working, studo = to study, he se studan =
he's studying |
an- | un- (contrary of adj.) | lisen = read, anlisen = unread, oren = heard, anoren = unheard, cansi = lucky, ancansi = unlucky, prijan = pleasant, anprijan = unpleasant, konen = known, ankonen = unknown |
ane | without | I gus pivo kafa ane suker = I
like to drink coffee without sugar, ane kap nè
mantèl = without a hat or coat, ane denie = without any money, ane dub = without a doubt |
ap | off, away (adv.) | Neme ap vi kap ! = Take off you
hat ! He falì ap de tag =
he fell off the roof, It ap, las ma in pac ! = go away, leave me alone ! De avièl
flevì ap be pin = the plane took off at five, de lag se 3 kme ap = the lake is 3 km
away |
-ar | suffix indicating bearer (trees) or container | Apel = apple, aplar = apple-tree, pir = pear, pirar = pear-tree, ac = ash, acar = ash-tray, kirèl =
candle, kirelar =
candlestick |
aròn | around | Aròn de has = around the house, tal aròn = all around, aròn de foj = around the fire, he gladì aròn sia = he looked around
him |
avev …-en | would have …ed (Past con-ditional) | Is he avev aneren de fent, he avev vizen wa uspasì = If he had come near the window, he would have seen what
was happening |
avì …-en | had … -ed, -en (past perfect) | He avì pajen = he had paid, lu avì mol varken = they had worked a
lot, Avì ce venen ? = Had
she come ? I avì ne vizen ja = I hadn't seen it |
avo | 1) have (got) (verb) . .......... 2) have (auxiliary of the perfect) | I av du bibe = I have two books, Av tu denie ? = have you got any money
? I av ne tem = I haven't
got time, I av lisen di bib = I've read this book, Av tu oren de
nov ? = have you heard the news ? |
ba | but (conj.) | I av de bib, ba i vol ne liso ja = I have the book, but I don't want to read it, He
s'ne Engli, ba Iri = he isn't English, but Irish, lu se pavri, ba inregi = they are
poor, but honest |
be | at (position), at, in (time), per, a (distributive) | Be bank = at the bank, be kerk = at church, be dom = at home, be skol = at school, be mi genore = at my parents', be mi tiot = at my uncle's, be de dantìst = at the dentist's, be ses id mij = at half past six, be kwer min kwert = at a quarter to
four, be morna, be vespen = in the morning, in the evening, be
dia, be noc = during the day, at night, be keb = per capita, be jar = a year, per annum |
be dest | on the right | Mi has se be dest = my house is
on the right, je ste u gardin be dest de hasi = there is a garden to the right of the house |
befènd | at last | Befènd he nemì de becizad id itì us = At last he made a decision and went out, Dez ja mo befènd = Tell me about it
at last |
be lif | on the left (position) | Be lif je ste u gardin = on the
left there is a garden, de gardin se be lif de hasi = the garden is to the left of the house, de dor be lif = the door on the left |
begòn | contrary to (prep & adv.) | Mi maʒa, begòn ma, gus ne vaizo = my wife,
contrary to me, doesn't like travelling |
bekòz | because of | Nu v'ne ito pasìto bekòz de pej verem = We won't go
for a walk because of the bad weather, bekòz hi ald = because of his age |
bemìd | in the middle of | Bemìd de strad = in the middle
of the street, bemìd de sal = in the middle of the room, bemìd de
morna = in the middle of the morning |
bemìn | at least | Je kost bemìn sunte Euròs = It
costs at least a hundred Euros, Je stì bemìn
destilie liente = There were at least ten thousand
people, Bemìn, je liuv ne = At least it isn't raining, Vizen te tu
ven ne domòr, staj bemìn un hor ki ma = Considering
you're not coming tomorrow, you might at least stay an hour with me |
benìz | below, beneath, at the bottom of (adv. & prep) | Benìz de skalia = at the bottom of the stairs, downstairs, benìz de paʒ = at the bottom of the page, de rum ven od
benìz = the noise is coming from down below, benìz de koln = at the foot of the
hill, he dom benìz = he lives downstairs |
beòp | at the top (of) (prep. & adv.) | Beòp de koln = at the top of the hill, beòp de list
= at the top of the list, beòp de skal = at the top of the ladder, beòp de
paʒ = at the top of the page |
beròn | about, around, approximately | Je stì beròn dudes liente = there
were about 20 people, beròn des hore = about ten o'clock, |
berù | behind (prep. & adv.) | I viz ne sol num, je se berù de nolbe = I can't see the sun now, it's behind the clouds, lu renì berù de has = they ran behind
the house |
bezàt | next to, beside | De kerk ste bezàt de skol = the
church stands next to the school, hi kamar se bezàt
mìa = his room is next to mine, ce sedì niz bezàt ci frat = she sat
down beside her brother |
bun | good, well | Bun! = Good! Di se bun = that's good, bun dia, bun morna = good day, good
morning, bun vaiz! = have
a good trip! Bun cans! =
good luck! |
ca | her (object) | I liam ca = I love her, he kopì ja po ca = he bought it for
her, he itì us ki ca = he
went out with her |
ce | she | Ce s' bel = she's beautiful, ce vark bun = she works well, ce s' mi dota = she's my daughter |
ci | her (poss. adj.) | Di se ci bag = this is her bag, Kon vu ci genore ? = Do you know her
parents ? I gus ci smij =
I like her smile |
co | to her (dative) | He davì co flore = he gave her
flowers, parkà skriv tu ne co ? = why don't you write to her ? Av tu
voken co ? = Have you spoken to her ? |
da | that, those (dem. adj. & pron.) | Da rum = that noise, da vag = that car, da hase = those houses, da koln zadàl = that hill over there, ka s' da ? = what's that ?, gus vu da ? = do you like that ?, for da, pos da = before that, after
that |
dafòr | before, beforehand (adv.) | Eke mone dafòr = a few months
before(hand), longim dafòr = long before, de sedia dafòr = the week before |
dal od | far from (adv.) | Se je dal od London = Is it far
from London ? Ne dal od za = not far from there, je s'ne dal od
minòc = it isn't far from midnight, nu se jok dal od de verid = we're
still far from the truth |
dapòs | afterwards, later on (adv.) | Vene vizo ma dapòs = come and se
me afterwards, osprù dapòs = immediately afterwards, long-im dapòs
= a long time later |
dask a | thanks to | Dask a wa he detì = thanks to
what he did, dask a Doj ! = thank God ! |
daske | thank you | Daske mole = thank you very much, je s' nit = don't mention
it |
davos | then (at that time) | I sì jok jun davos = I was still
young then, dod davos = since
then |
daz, daze | that one, those ones (demonstrative pron. singular & plural) | I prigùs daz a diz = I prefer
that to this, daze zadàl =
those over there, daze we venì = those who came, i av mole roze, ba i
prigùs daze bij = I have many roses, but I prefer
the white ones |
de | the (definite article) | De maj lovi, de lovies = the prettiest, de siavor de
blu vagi = the owner of the blue car, de maʒa de bankori = the banker's
wife, de tej, de kafa wen i av kopen = the tea, the coffee I have bought, item sam a de stasia = let's go to the station together |
de maj, de …-es | the most, the …est (superlatives) | Ce s' de maj lovi, de lovies =
she's the prettiest, de bunes = the best, the pejes = the worst, de maj inteligan = the most intelligent |
de min | the least | Di novar se de min interesan =
this newspaper is the least interesting, de min
diari = the least expensive, je s'de min i moz deto = it's the
least I can do |
des | ten (10) | Je se des min kwert = It's a
quarter to ten, des tilie = ten thousand |
deto | to do (verb), to make (causative) | Je det ma trist = it makes me
sad, he detì ma incepo =
he made me understand, deto ekun jedo = to make somebody eat, he detì de
kwal reno = he made the horse run |
di | this, these (dem. adj. & pron.) | Ke s' di man ? = who is this man ? di sedia = this week, i gus di fotò maj te daz = I like this
photo better than that one, Ka s' di ? = what is this ? kej se di ? = whose is
this ? Di se mi son = this is my son, di se wa he dikì mo = this is what he
showed me |
di- | un-, dis- (verbal prefix: reverse action) | deto = to do, dideto = undo, krovo = to cover, dikrovo = uncover, favoro = to favour, difavoro = disfavour |
dis- | dis- (prefix indicating disper-sion) | Davo = to give, disdavo = to distribute, part = part, disparto = to share, voko = to talk, speak, disvoko = discuss |
diz, dize | this one, these ones (demonstrative pron. singular & plural) | Diz se blu id daz se roj = this
one is blue and that one is red, Kamòl kost dize ? = how much are these ones ? |
do | towards (prep.) (direction & time) | Is he ven do va = if he comes
towards you, Ko se vi dom ? Do west = Where's your home ? to the west, ci
felade do ha av ne meten = her feelings towards him
haven't changed, do vespen = towards the evening |
dod | since, for (time) | Dod da dia = since that day, i se ʒivan zi dod
du jare = I 've been living here for two years, dod davos = since then, dod
num = from now on, dod longim = long since |
doʒo | must (modal verb), should (in the conditional) | Tu doʒ ne togo ja = you mustn't touch it, vu
doʒ ito ap num = you must go away now, ka doʒ nu deto num ? = what
must we do now ? tu doʒev stopo fumo = you should stop smoking |
domòr | tomorrow (adv.) | I far in vaiz domòr = tomorrow
I'm going on a journey, domori morna = tomorrow morning |
du | two | Koto in du = to cut in two, du be du = two by two |
-e | -s (plural of nouns ending in a consonant) | U bib = a book, bibe = books, de man = the man, de mane = the men, mi mantèl = my coat, mi mantele = my coats, vag = car, mole
vage = many cars, bus = bus = tri buse = three buses, kun = dog, eke kune = a few dogs |
ek, eke | some, a few (singular, plural) | Vol vu ek pan ? = would you like
some bread, eke liente dez te… = some people say that…, nem ek ! = have some ! i av ek = I've got some, nu v'ito ap in eke
minute = we'll go away in a few minutes, je ste ek man za, i kon ne ha =
there is some man there, I don't know him |
eki | certain | Un eki sior = a certain gentleman, un eki dia vernu
= on a certain day in spring, he avì un eki karʒad = il avait un certain
courage |
ekia | somewhere | Set ti bag ekia = put your bag
somewhere, ekia ner Parìs = somewhere near Paris, ekia in Italia = somewhere in Italy, Av vu ekia po
domo ? = Have you got somewhere to stay? |
ekigradim | to some degree, to a certain degree | Tu se regi, ba solem ekigradim = You
are right, but only to a certain degree |
ekun | someone, somebody | Je ste ekun be de dor = there is
somebody at the door, ekun alten = somebody else, nu nud ekun verim
krati = we need somebody really strong, ekun od de vik = somebody from the
village |
ekvos | sometimes | Ekvos felic, ekvos trist =
sometimes happy, sometimes sad, ekvos he kovèn id
ekvos ne = sometimes he agrees and sometimes not, ekvos je ste neb in vima = sometimes
there is fog in winter |
ekwa | something | Dezì vu ekwa ? = Did you say
something ? Ekwa bun, ekwa bel, ekwa rari = some-thing good, something beautiful, something rare, i nud ekwa po jedo, po pivo = I need
something to eat, to drink |
ekwim | somehow, in some way | Ekwim i doʒ deto ja = somehow I must do it |
-èl | suffix indicating a tool, an instrument | Koto = to cut, kotèl = knife, koko = to cook, kokèl = cooker, pento = to paint, pentèl = paint-brush, foj = fire, fojèl = lighter |
-em | let's, let us … Imperative ending (1st pers. plural) | Item ! = Let's go !, Varkem ! = Let's work !, Vokem ! = Let's speak ! |
-en | -ed, -en (past participle ending) | Liamo = to love, liamen = loved, varko = to work, varken = worked, jeden = eaten, vizen = seen, iten = gone, deten = done, incepen = understood |
eni | any | Eni kid moz deto di = Any child
can do this, in eni kaz =
in any case |
enia | anywhere | I rumèn ne ko i setì mi graf, je moj so enia = I don't remember where I put my pen, it may be anywhere |
eniun | anybody, anyone | Talun vol so felic. Prag a eniun =
Everybody wants to be happy. Ask anyone |
enivos | anytime | Vu moz veno enivos. I se talvos glaj vizo va = You may come anytime. I'm always glad to see you |
eniwa | anything | I vol ne jedo eniwa = I don't
want to eat anything |
eniwim | anyhow, in any way | Vu doʒ deto ja eniwim = You must do it anyway,
Vu moz deto ja eniwim = you may do it as you like |
-ev | would (conditional marker) | I volev vido doktor = I would
like to be a doctor, i menì te vu volev zavo ja = I thought you'd want to know (it), i
dezì ho te i detev ja = I told him I would do it, is tu pragev ho, he detev ja = if you
asked him, he would do it, he avev deten ja = he would have done it, lu avev iten
za = they would have gone there |
for | 1) before (prep. & conj. of time) 2) ago (adv.) | For de lesiòn = before the
lesson, for de kide insòp = before the children go to sleep, lav
ti mande for jedo ! = wash your hands before
eating, Tri dias for =
three days ago, longim for = a long time ago, long ago |
for- | pre-, fore- (verbal prefix) | Meno = to think, formeno = premeditate, dezo = to tell, fordezo = predict, foretell, vizo = to see, forvizo = foresee, vord = word, forvòrd = foreword |
foram | formerly (adv.) | Seni liente dez molvos te foram tal sì maj bun te
num = Old people often say that formerly everything was better than now, foram nu ʒivì in un alten pol = previously we lived in another town |
gon | against (prefix): counter-, anti- | Gon mi volad = against my will, gon de leg = against the law, je ste ne leg gon ja = there's no law
against it, gon de mur =
against the wall, gonavi =
anti-aircraft, gondezo =
contradict, gonvèz =
counterweight |
gonim | on the contrary, on the other hand | Mi maʒa gonim, gus ne vaizo = my wife, on the
contrary, doesn't like travelling, aj ba gonim ce se mol ric = yes, but on
the other hand, she's very rich |
guso | to like | I gus flore = I like flowers, kim gusì vu de film ? = how did you
like the film ?, I gus ostre, ba lu gus ne ma = I like oysters but they don't like me, I gus muzik, Mozart = I like music,
Mozart, ti pater ve ne guso ja = your father won't like it |
ha | him (pers. pron. . object) | I viz ha = I see him, i av vizen ha = I have seen him, it ki ha ! = go with him ! ane ha = without him, lu vark po ha = they work for him, ce men ov ha = she's thinking of him |
he | he (pers. pron. . subject) | He vok Uropi bun = he speaks
Uropi well, he zav ne =
he does'nt know, Ven he ? = Is he coming ? Zis he = here he is, he se medikor, doktor = he's a doctor |
hi | his (poss. adj.) | Hi bib = his book, hi frame = his friends, hi veste = his clothes, he av breken hi gam = he has broken
his leg, di poèm se hi =
this poem is his |
hìa, hìas | his (poss. pron.) . (singular & plural) | De has vidì hìa = the house
became his, mi mande se niti, hìas se suj = my hands are clean, his are dirty |
ho | to him (pers. pron. . dative) | I davì ho de bib = I gave him the book, i ve voko ho
= I'll speak to him, tu doʒev skrivo ho = you should write to him, send
ho de skrit ! = send him the letter ! |
hor | hour, time | Ka hor se je ? = What time is it
? Je s'un = It's one
o'clock, Je s'oc = It's
eight o'clock, Je s' tri id mij = It's half past three, Je s'un id
kwert = It's a quarter past one, Je s' du min des = It's ten to two, Je se puntim kwer = It's 4 o'clock
exactly, Je se tri hore mornu = It's three in the morning, Je s'oc
hore vespeni = It's eight p.m., Je s' des hore noci = It's ten o'clock
at night |
i | I (pers. pron.) (also used with comparatives) | I liam ta = I love you, i se fami = I'm hungry, i som mozì ne deto ja = I could'nt do
it myself, i ne ! = not
me ! he se maj alti te i =
he's taller than me |
-ì | -ed (past tense marker) | He vaizì mol = he travelled a
lot, i zavì ne = I didn't
know, gusì tu ja ? = did
you like it ? he liamì ca = he loved her, lu vekì sia = they woke up, he sì ne za = he wasn't there |
-i, -is -u, -us | 's, s' (genitive) | De bib di bobi = this boy's book, de kamar mi sestu = my
sister's room, de vag mi genoris = my parents' car, de kun hi sestus = his sisters' dog, de dor de hasi = the door of the house, u has des
salis = a house of 10 rooms |
-ia | suffix indicating place | Snivo = to swim, snivia = swimming-pool, koko = to cook, kokia = kitchen, ban = bath ,
bania = bathroom, Franci = French, Francia = France, Engli = English, Englia = England, ekia = some-where, nekia = nowhere, enia = anywhere |
-ic | -ish (suffix = rather, expressing tendency) | blu = blue, bluic = bluish, pati = ill, sick, patic
= sickly, ʒina = woman, ʒinic = effeminate, meto = to change, metic
= changing, fickle |
id | and | Pater id mata = father and mother, dias id dias =
days and days, I gus santo id danso = I like singing and dancing, He s' ne
tan id pur he vark ʒe mol = He isn't tired and yet he works a lot, id
sim pro, i.s.p. = and so on, etc. |
-id | -ity, -hood, -ship ..(noun suff. corresponding to adj. in "-i") | egli = equal, eglid = equality, mani = manly,
manid = manhood, manliness, lifri = free, lifrid = freedom, veri = true,
verid = truth, lovi = pretty, lovid = "prettiness", frati = brotherly, fraternal, fratid = fraternity, brotherhood |
idmàj | moreover, in addition | Idmàj he nem vespeni kurse = in
addition he's taking evening classes, Idmàj ce or
ne bun = Moreover she can't hear very well |
idsim | therefore, thus, so | I men, idsim i se = I think,
therefore I am, I kovenì ne, idsim i apnegì = I didn't agree, so I refused, he
misì de tren, idsim he mozì ne veno = he missed the
train and thus he wasn't able to come. |
-ij | -y, -ia ....(noun ending corres-ponding to adj. in -ic ) | agonij = agony, harmonij = harmony, energij = energy, melankolij = melancholy, monarkij = monarchy, utopij = utopia, ceremonij = ceremony, teorij = theory |
-im | -ly (adverb marker) | Siudi = usual, siudim = usually, veri = true, real = real, verim, realim = really, felic = happy, felic-im = fortunately, pod = foot, podim = on foot, noc = night, nocim = by night, vag = car, vagim = by car |
in | in ......(location, time) ... (other) into | I ʒiv in Rusia = I live in Russia, Je ste ne
cumpe in di fost = there are no mushrooms in this forest, in soma, in verna =
in Summer, in Spring, in Janvar, in Maj = in January, in May, in da jar = in
that year, mi pater kre in ma = my father believes in me, ce renì in de kamar
= she ran into the room |
in- | in-, im- .......(prefix indicating (movement inwards) | Breko = to break, inbreko = to break into, burglarize, preso = to press, inpreso = to impress, muvo = to move, inmuvo = to move (emotionally) |
in pasan | by the way | In pasan, i av ne jok lisen di bib = By the way, I haven't read this book yet |
inia | inside, within | Je s' varmi inia de has = it's
warm inside the house, I se inia, ven in ! = I'm inside, come in |
instà | instead of | It za instà ma ! = Go there instead of me !, he jeg
instà varko = he plays instead of working, un doʒ akto instà voko = one
should act instead od speaking |
intra | between | Intra vu id i = between you and
me, u maj bun incepad intra polke = a better understanding between the peoples, intra pin id ses = between 5 and 6
o'clock, ce se intra 25 id 30 jare = she is between 25 and 30 |
is | if | I v'ito is tu ven ki ma = I'll go
if you come with me, is je liuv, i ve stajo be dom = if it rains I'll stay at home, is
verem sev bel, nu itev pasìto = if the weather was
fine, we would go for a walk, is i avev zaven, i
avev viziten la = if I had known I would have
visited them |
is … o … | whether … or … | Is tu gus ja o ne… = whether you
like it or not…, is je liuv o snev, i v'ito us = whether it rains or snows I'm going out, is tu it o ne… = if you go or not … |
-it -ita -ito | little (diminutive suff.) (feminine) (verb) | has = house, hasit = little house, Jan = John, Janit
= Johnny, sop = sleep, sopit = nap, sopito = to take a nap, ʒika = girl,
ʒikita = little girl |
ja | it (neuter, object) | Di se mi kamar, i gus ja = this
is my room, I like it, i av seten vi bib in ja = I've put your book in it, ki ja, su
ja, ov ja… = with it, on it, about it, Ekune sem so interesen ov ja = Some
people seem interested in it |
jaki | each (adj.) | Jaki dia = each day, jaki bib kost 10 Euròs = each book
costs 10 Euros, he intrakòt ma be jaki momènt = he interrupts me every other second, Jaki dia he it us dom be oc = Each day
he leaves home at 8 o'clock |
jakivos | each time | Jakivos he ven = each time he
comes, jakivos i viz ta i se glaj = Each time I see you I'm glad |
jakun | each person, each one | Jakun po sia = every man for
himself, a jakun slogan hi guste = everyman to his own taste, jakun od
na = each one of us |
je | it (neuter, subject) | Je liuv = it's raining, ka sin je ? = what does it mean ?, Je s'u roj vag = it's a red car |
je ste | there is, there are | Je ste du butele vini = there are
two botlles of wine, je ste u vaz su de tab = there is a vase on the table, Ste
je u bank ner zi ? = Is there a bank near here ? Kamole liente ste je ? = How many people
are there ? |
jesta | yesterday (adv.) | He avenì solem jesta = he arrived
only yesterday, jesta je liuvì tal dia = yesterday it rained all day, i mozì
ne deto ja jesta, ba i ve deto ja domòr = I
couldn't do it yesterday, but I'll do it tomorrow |
ji | its (poss. adj.) | De hotèl se famos po ji kokad =
the hotel is famous for its food (cooking) |
jok, ne jok | still, as yet, so far not yet | He vaiz jok = he still travels, lu se jok us de pol = they are still
out of town, i av ne jok fenden = I haven't finished yet, nu av ne
jok vizen ca = we haven't seen her yet, jok unvos = one more time |
ʒa | already, ever | I se ʒa be dom = I'm already at home, he av
ʒa fenden hi vark = he has already finished his work, Av vu ʒa
vizen di film ? = have you ever seen this film ? |
ʒate | since (cause) | Parkà kop tu ne ja, ʒate tu se sa ric = Why
don't you buy it, since you are so rich ?, Je doʒ so veri, ʒate he
dez ja = it must be true since he says so |
ʒe | really, after all, you see, do (emphatic particle) | Item ʒe ! = come on!, come now! Sil ʒe! =
do be quiet! Skuc ma ʒe! = Do listen to me!, Kim ʒe ? How so ? He se
ʒe mol stupi = he's really very stupid, I se ʒe de raj ! = I'm the
king after all ! |
ka ? | what ? 1) (interrogative) ......... 2) (exclamatory) | Ka vol vu ? = what do you want ?, Ka vizì ce ? = What did she see ?, Ka hor se je ? = What time is it ? I zav ne ka deto = I don't know what
to do, Ka magi has ! = What a huge house ! Ka stupi nu se ! = What fools we are ! Ka dam ! = what a pity ! |
ka dal ? | how far ? | Ka dal se je a London ? = How far
is it to London ? |
ka longim ? | how long ? | Ka longim ve tu stajo ? = How
long will you stay ? Ka longim ve je duro ? = How long will it last ? Dod ka
longim se tu studan Greci ? = How long have you
been studying Greek ? |
ka molvos? | how often ? | Ka molvos vizì tu ca ? = How
often did you see her ? Ka molvos far de buse ? = how often do the buses run ? |
kamòl, kamole ? | How much (sing.)... How many ? (plur.) |
Kamòl kost je ? = How much is it,
does it cost ? kamole dias ve vu stajo ? = How many days will you stay ? Kamole
denie av tu ? = How much money have you got ? kamòl tej, kamòl suker ? = how much
tea, how much sugar ? Kamòl vez di pakel ? = How much does this parcel weigh ? |
kan ? | When ? (interrogative) | Kan ve tu veno ? = When will you
come ? Kan usvenì je ? =
When did it happen ? Kan ve de tren faro ap ? = When will the train leave ? Kan ve
so de vedad ? = When's the weddding ? I zav ne kan nu ve revizo ha = I don't
know when we'll see him again, Dod kan ? = since when ? |
kaz | case | In di kaz = in this case, in u sul kaz = in such a case, in eni kaz = in any case, in majsan kaze = in most cases |
ke ? | who ? (interrogative) | Ke s' vu ? = Who are you ?, Ke s' je ? = who is it ? Ke detì ja ? = who did it ? I zav ne ke he s' = I don't know who he is, Ke
doʒ eldo ta, usim i ? = Who should help you apart from me ?, Ke retalì
ja to ? = Who told you ? |
kej ? | whose ? (interrog.) | Kej se di ? = whose is this ? Kej se di kap ? = Kej kap se di ? =
Whose is this hat ?, Whose hat is this ? Kej son se
vu ? = whose son are you ? |
kel ? kele ? | which ? which one ? (adj. & pron. singular & plural) | Kel kart nemì he ? = Which card
did he take ? Kele bibe vol tu ? = Which books do you want ? Kel od va
? = Which one of you ? I
zav ne kel bib he vol = I don't know which book he
wants |
ken ? | whom ?, who ? (interrog. object) | Ken vizì vu ? = Who (whom) did
you see ?, Pa ken se di bib ? = by whom is this book ? ki ken ? = who with ? with whom ?, A ken ? = to whom ? who to ? Po ken ve nu voto
? = Who shall we vote for ? |
ki | with (accompaniment, des-cription, manner, means …) | Ven tu ki ma ? = are you coming with me ? I vol ito
ki ca = I want to go with her, U ʒina ki u vaizibàg = a woman with a
travelling bag, Koveno ki ekun = to agree with somebody, Ki prijad = with
pleasure, de has ki de blu dor = the house with the blue door, koto ki u
kotèl = to cut with a knife, vado ki u bast = to walk with a stick, He itì in
ki kap in mand = He went in with his hat in his hand |
kim ? | how .......(interrogative)............ (in exclamations) | Kim it je vo ? = how are you ? Kim gusì vu de stek ? = How did you
like the steak ? Kim se da ? = How is that ? how so ?, Kim je se gren ! = How big it is !, Kim i se glaj vizo va ! = how glad I
am to see you ! |
kirkim | about, around, approximately | Kirkim tilie Euròs = around a
thousand Euros, kirkim sunte kilòs = around 100 kilos, Kirkim tilie
liente morì = Around a thousand people died |
ko ? | where ? (interrogative) | Ko dom tu ? = where do you live
?, Od ko ven tu ? = Where
do you come from ? Ko it vu ? = Where are you going ? Ko se de stasia
? = Where is the station ? I prag mo ko he se = I wonder where he
is |
ko- | co-, com-, con- (prefix = with, together) | Koʒivo = to cohabit (live with), kovarko = to
collaborate (work with), koplago = to collide (hit with), kometo = to
exchange (commute), kokluzo = to conclude, kocentro = to concentrate, korenor
= competitor (runner with) |
kono | to know (someone) | I kon ne da persòn = I don't know
this person, Kon vu mi frat ? = do you know my brother ? Aj, i kon
ha bun = Yes, I know him well, I kon ca solem od viz = I know her
only by sight |
koslogim | consequently, as a result | Koslogim he fajì = consequently
he failed |
kovigim ki | in relation to | He se neutri kovigim ki di kest =
he is neutral in relation to this question |
kwer | four | Su kwer pate = on all fours, intra kwer mure = between four walls |
la | them (pers. pron. object) | I vizì la = I saw them, I kon ca, ba i kon ne la = I know her
but I don't know them, ce men ov la = she's thinking of them, obe od la = both of them, vari od la = several of them, nun od la = none of them |
las | let (imperative) | Las he ven ! = Let him come ! Las lu far ap ! = let them drive away
! |
li | their (poss. adj.) | I kon ne li nome ? = I don't know
their names ? Vizì vu li vag ? Did you see their car ? Di se li kid,
ne mìa = this is their child, not mine, Tal av sen li kulp = all has been
their fault |
-li | -able, -ible (adj. suffix) | Mozo = can, mozli = possible, liso = to read, lisli = legible, jedo = to eat, jedli = edible, incepo = to understand, incepli = understandable |
lìa, lìas | theirs..... (poss. pron. singular & plural) | Vi has se maj bun te lìa = your
house is better than theirs, i men te je s'un od
lìas = I think it's one of theirs, de has vidì lìa = the house became
theirs |
lo | to them (pers. pron. object) | Ce skrivì lo = she wrote to them, i ve voko lo = I will
speak to them, nu av senden lo de pakel = we have sent them the parcel |
lu | they (pers. pron. subject) | Lu av iten ap = they have gone, zis lu = here they are, lu se dictore = they are teachers, lu zav nit ov ja = they know nothing
about it, nu se maj speli te lu = we are faster than them (they) |
ma | me ...........(pers. pron. object).... (& with prepositions) | He vizì ma = he saw me, ane ma = without me, i v' nemo ja ki ma = I'll take it with
me, lu sì vokan ov ma =
they were talking about me, po ma = for me, be ma = at my place, aròn ma = around me |
maj | more (& used in comparatives) | I nud mole maj = I need a lot
more, mol maj tem = much
more time, u poj maj = a
little more, unvos maj =
once more, maj he jed, maj he fam = the more he eats, the more hungry he is, maj id maj = more and more, Maj i men ov ja, min i vid kovikten =
The more I think about it, the less convinced I am |
maj … te | more … than, …er than (comparatives) | Di novar se maj interesan te daz =
this newspaper is more interesting than that one, he ren maj spel te i = he runs faster than me, ce lis maj te he = she reads more
than me, he se maj stupi te mali = he's more stupid than malicious, |
majsan (de) | most ....(largest part) | De majsan liente = most people, de majsan tem = most of the time, de majsan denie = most of the money, de majsan od la = most of them, in de majsan kaze = in most cases |
mi | my .....(poss. adj.) | Mi fram = my friend, mi frama = my girl-friend, I av breken mi gam = I have broken my
leg, Kon tu mi genore ? =
Do you know my parents ? |
mìa, mìas | mine ... (poss. pron. singular & plural) | Di se vi menad, ne mìa = this is
your opinion, not mine, di bag se mìa = this bag is mine, di cuse s' ne
mìas = these shoes are not mine |
mij | half ....(adj. & n.) | U mij tas = half a cup, du tase id mij = two and a half cups, koto in mij = to cut in half, du mije det u tal = two halves make a
whole, du kilòs id mij =
2 kilos and a half, je se ses id mij = it's half past six |
miliòn | million | Du milione Euròs = two million
Euros, un miliòn liente =
a million people |
min | less, fewer | Di novar se min interesan te daz = this newspaper is less interesting than that one, He ren min spel te vu = he doesn't run
so fast as you, nu sper te in futùr je ve sto min
were te num = we hope that in the future there will
be fewer wars than now |
mo | to me, me (pers. pron. dative) | He davì mo de bib = he gave me
the book, Dav ja mo ! =
Give it to me ! Ce sì mo vokan = she was speaking to me, Lu skrivì ne
mo = they didn't write to me, Dez ja mo ! = say it to me ! Usklàr ja mo ! = Explain it to me ! |
mojo | may ..... (modal verb) | Di moj so veri = this may be
true, mojse = maybe,
perhaps, he mojev aveno =
he might arrive, tu avev mojen tudo ma = you might have killed me |
mojse | maybe, perhaps | Mojse he ve veno = Perhaps he
will come, Is he ven domòr, mojse he v'dezo ja to = If he come tomorrow, maybe I'll tell him, Mojse Peter zav ja = Maybe Peter knows
it, Mojse nu av tiomòl varten = Maybe we have waited too long |
mol | very (adv.) | Ce se mol bel = she's very beautiful, Un doʒ
reno mol spel = one should run very quickly, I se mol frij = I'm very cold, Mol bun = very good, very well, Mol bun skriven = very well written, Mol poj
= very little, Mol poje liente = very few people |
mol, mole | much, many, a lot ...... (singular & plural) | He av ne mol tem = he hasn't much
time, ce jed mol butir =
she eats a lot of butter, I av mole bibe = I have many books, mole od da bibe = many of those books, mole od la = many of them, mole liente = many people, mole denie = a lot of money |
mozo | can .....(modal verb) | I moz ne liso; je ste ne bib = I can't read; there
is no book, un moz ne ʒivo ane jedo = one can't live without eating, eld
ma is tu moz = help me if you can |
na | us ....(pers. pron. object) | He plagì na = he hit us, pro na = in front of us, eke od na = some of us, he s'un od na = he's one of us, nu nemì de denie ki na = we took the
money with us |
naturim | of course | Detì he ja ? -Naturim = Did he do
it ? -Of course, Moz i nemo ja ? - Naturim ne = May I take it ? - Of course not, Naturim
tu ve veno be Sabadia = you'll come on Saturday of
course, Je sì, naturim, u bun idea = It was, of course, a good idea, Naturim
i gus ja = Of course I like it |
ne | 1) not ..... (negation)................. 2) no .......(≠ yes) | I vol ne ito za = I don't want to
go there, Sim, ne altem =
so, not otherwise, Ce sopì ne = she didn't sleep, Lu v'ne koveno = they won't agree, Kovenev lu ? = would they agree ? Ven tu ki ma ? Ne = Are you coming with me ? No |
nè …nè … | neither…nor… | Nè i nè vu zav ja = neither I nor
you know, De bib se nè bun, nè pej = the book is neither good nor bad, He
zav nè liso, nè skrivo = he can neither read nor
write |
nedamin | nevetheless | Nedamin je se veri te… = it is
nevertheless true that…, Nedamin he s'mi frat = he is nevertheless my brother |
nekia | nowhere | He itì nekia = he went nowhere, Nekia in Europa = nowhere in Europe, Nekia alten = nowhere else, Un mozì findo ca nekia = she was
nowhere to be found |
nekun | nobody, no one | Nekun zav ja = nobody knows, I kon nekun zi = I don't know anybody
here, Ce vizì nekun = she
saw nobody, Nekun zav maj bun te i = nobody knows better than I, Ce liam
nekun usim ca som = She doesn't love anybody but
herself |
nemaj | no longer, not any more | I moz nemaj stajo = I can no
longer stay, Ce vol nemaj deto ja = she no longer wants to do it, He
dom nemaj zi = he is no longer living here, Det ja nemaj ! = don't do it any more
! Nu ve vizo ha nemaj =
we shall see him no more |
neobe | neither (adj. & pron.) | I vizì neobe od la = I saw
neither of them, Neobe storije se veri = neither story is true, In neobe mode = in neither way, In neobe kaze = in neither case |
ner | near (prep. & adv.) | Ner mi has = near my house, Ven ne tio ner ! = Don't come too
close! Ner de postia je ste u bank = near the post-office there is a bank |
nerim | almost, nearly | I zav nerim tal ov ja = I almost
know everything about it, Nerim nar = nearly black, Nerim tale mi denie = nearly all my money, Nerim talvos = almost always, He nerim falì = he almost fell, Nerim fenden = almost finished |
nev | nine (9) | be nev id mij = at half past
nine, Nev od des vose =
nine times out of ten |
nevos | never | I jed ja nevos = I never eat it, I av nevos vizen ha = I
have never seen him, Nevos dafòr je stì u sul
disaster = never before had there been such a
disaster, he ve nevos ruveno = he will never come back, Maj bun
posen te nevos = better late than never |
newim | in no way | I ve deto ja newim = I won't do
it anyway, He se newim kulpi = he's in no way guilty |
ni | our (poss. adj.) | Nu liam ni kide = we love our
children, ni bib, ni tab, ni kamar = our book, our table, our room, ni
pater, ni mata = our father, our mother |
nìa, nìas | ours .....(poss. pron. singular & plural) | Vi vag se maj bun te nìa = your
car is better than ours, Li kide av iten us ki nìas = their children have gone out with ours, Di ideas se nemaj uskluzim nìas =
these ideas are no longer ours exclusively |
nit | nothing | I zav nit = I don't know
anything, Ce vizì nit =
she saw nothing, Je ste nit po jedo = there is nothing to eat, He av
jeden jok nit = he 's eaten nothing yet, Nit prij ho = nothing pleases him, Nit novi = nothing new, We risk nit av nit = nothing venture,
nothing gain |
niz | down, downwards | Ito niz = go down, Niz de koln = down the hill, Niz de klin = down the slope, Niz de strom, nizrìv = downstream, Reno niz = to run down, Slizo niz = to slide down, Niz ki de traitore ! = down with the
traitors ! |
no | to us ....(pers. pron. dative) | Dave ja no ! = Give it to us !, De director ve voko no = the director
will speak to us, Lu sendì no de skrit jesta = they sent us the letter yesterday |
nu | we .....(pers. pron. subject) | Nu av du kide = we have two
children, Kovèn nu tale ? = Do we all agree ? Nu v'ne ito = we won't go, Nu Englane… = as for us English …, Maj jun te nu = younger than us |
nudo | to need .....(verb) | He nud vi eld = he needs your
help, He nud ne veno = he
doesn't need to come, Je liuv ne, tu nud ne nemo u
tegèl = it isn't raining, you don't need to take an
umbrella, Dez ne mo te tu nud novi cuse ! = Don't tell me that you need new shoes ! |
nul | zero (0), nought | Des grade ude nul = ten degrees
below zero, Apsoluti nul = absolute zero |
num | now | Num i vol ito sopo = Now I want
to go to sleep, Kim moz i kreo ta num ? = how can I believe you now ? Num se de
momènt deto ja = now is the time to do it, Num i se predi = now I'm ready |
nun | none, no (not any) .......... (adj. & pron) | Nun kid gus ito a led = no child
likes to go to sleep, Nun od de bibe = none of the books, Je stì nun = there was none, Je rest nun = there's none left |
o | or .....(conj.) | Roj o nar ? = red or black ? Vol vu kopo di ring o daz ? = Do you
want to buy this ring or that one ? Det ja, o altem
! = Do it or else ! Pru o
posen = sooner or later |
-o | to (+ V) (infinitive marker) | So = to be, avo = to have, sopo = to sleep, voko = to speak, kopo = to buy, jedo = to eat, ito = to go, reno = to run, varko = to work, snevo = to snow, vizo = to see |
o … o … | either … or … | O se silan, o it us ! = Either be quiet or go out ! He doʒ so o lenzi o stupi = he must be either lazy or stupid, Je sì o
ce, o ci sesta = it was either she or her sister |
obe | both | Nu obe gus di bib = we both like
this book, Obe sestas se blondi = both sisters are blond, In uslandi
politik, obe lande se koveni = In foreign policy
both countries agree |
obte | 1) though, although .......... 2) in spite of | Obte de liuv nu itì pasìto = in
spite of the rain we went for a walk, Obte je liuv = though it's raining, Obte lu sì
pavri, lu sì inregi = though poor, they were honest |
obwan | whereas | He uspàj tale hi denie obwan he doʒev sparo la
= he spends all his money whereas he should be saving it |
oc | eight (8) | U dia oc horis = an eight-hour
day, Je s' oc = It's
eight o'clock |
od | 1) from, 2) of (nobility) | He ven od London = he comes from
London, Od keb a pod =
from head to foot, Od morna a vespen = from morning till evening, I av
becepen u skrit od mi mata = I have received a
letter from my mother, de Raja od Englia = the Queen of England, de Duk od
Edimbùrg = the Duke of Edimburgh |
oʒe | even (adv.) | Oʒe in de vake = even in the holidays,Oʒe
de maj optimisti = even the most optimistic, Oʒe de garde sì sopan =
even the guards were asleep, I av oʒe oblasen hi nom = I have even
forgotten his name |
oʒe is | even if | Oʒe is i it a de plaʒ, i v'ne ma bano =
Even if I go to the beach, I won't bathe |
oʒe ne | not even | He av oʒe ne cuse = He hasn't even got shoes,
He dezì oʒe ne ja mo = He didn't even tell me, I potèn oʒe ne a di
asosiad = I don't even belong to this association, He blikì oʒe ne wan
he orì de nove = He didn't even bat an eyelid when he heard the news |
odia | today (adv.) | Odia je liuvì tal dia = Today it
rained all day, Odia in u sedia = today week, Kel dia se odia ? = what day is it today ? Ka dat se odia
? = what date is it today ? Odia se Wendia = today is Friday |
-on, -ona | augmentative suffix | U muron = a big wall, u manon = a big man, mandone
= big hands, u ʒinona = a big woman, u katona = a big (she)cat |
op | up .....(adv.) | Nu it op de koln = we go up the
hill, Glad op ! = look up
!, He basì op de bal = he
threw the ball up, Mande op ! = hands up ! De kat klimì op de drev = the cat climbed up the tree |
-or, -ora | -er (suffix indicating agent) | Liso = to read, lisor = reader, dicto = to teach, dictora = woman-teacher, skrivo = to write, skrivor = writer, voko = to speak, vokora = woman-speaker, varkor = worker, prisedana = woman-president,
chairwoman |
os | also, too, as well as........... (& in comparisons) | I os itì (za) = I went too, He moz os snivo = he can
swim too, I doʒ os usklaro… = I must also explain, He se os alti te vu =
he is as tall as you, Je s'ne os bun te da = it's not so good as that, He os
se zi = he is here as well |
os longim te | as long as | Staj os longim te tu vol = stay as long as you like, I v'ne oblaso ca os longim te i ʒiv = I won't forget her as long as I
live, Os longim te de wer ve duro = as long as the war lasts |
osmòl, osmole | as much, as many | Je stì osmòl vin te bir = there was as much wine as
beer, Je stì osmole ʒinas te mane = there were as many women as men, Je
ste ne osmòl snev te fori jar = there isn't as much snow as last year, i fram
va osmòl te ha = I like you as much as him |
os ne | not…either, neither | I kre os ne ja = I don't believe
it either, I os ne =
neither do I, He os ne v'ito = He won't go either, Da, i incèp os
ne = I don't understand that either, Je sì os ne lezi kovikto ha = Neither
was it easy to convince him |
osprù te | as soon as | Osprù te mozli = as soon as
possible, Varne ma osprù te vu av fenden = let me know as soon as you've finished, Osprù te he vokì co, he incepì = as
soon as he spoke to her, he understood |
ov | about, concerning, on | I men mol ov ta = I think much
about you, I av oren nit ov ja = I haven't heard anything about it,
I se menan ov wa i orì = I am thinking of what I
heard, I zav tal ov wa je del = I know what it's all about, Voko ov
ekwa = to speak about something |
pa | by (agent, cause) | Inkirken pa soldate = surrounded
by soldiers, he vidì tuden pa trom = he was killed by lighning, u picten
pa Van Gogh = a painting by Van Gogh |
par | because (of) | Nu v'ne ito pasìto par de pej verem = We won't go
for a walk because of the bad weather, I detì ja par tu pragì mo = I did it
because you asked me to, He vidì kasten par he luʒì = he was punished
because he lied, par hi ald = because of his age |
parkà ? | why ? ....(interrogative) | Parkà ne ? = Why not ?, Parkà ne telefono co ? = Why not phone
her ?, Parkà prag tu ne co ? = Why don't you ask her ?, Parkà
oblasì he la ? = Why did he forget them?, Parkà venì he ? = Why did he come ? |
pas | past .....(prep. & adv.) | He vad pas de has jaki dia = he
walks past the house every day, de kun renì pas ma = the dog ran past me, he flizì pas
na = he flashed past us |
pen | hardly, just | He zav pen skrivo = he can hardly
write, i moz pen oro va =
I can hardly hear you, he avì pen voken wan… = he had hardly spoken when, nu av
pen avenen = we have just arrived, ce av pen renen ap = she has just run
away |
per- | pejorative suffix (indicating de-terioration, destruction, disappearance) | Ito = to go, perìto = to perish, mico = to mix, permico = to muddle up, laso = to leave, perlaso = to lose, curo = to swear, percuro = to forswear oneself |
pin | five (5) | Ce se pin jare = she s' five
(years old), u pinjari plan = a five-year plan |
plozim | suddenly .....(adv.) | Plozim ce inizì plojo = suddenly
she started crying, plozim i incepì tal = suddenly I understood everything |
po | for, (in order) to ....(aim, pur-pose), for ....(in exchange for, in favour of) | Di kodàv se po va = this present
is for you, po ma, po ta, po ha, po ca …= for me, for you, for him, for her, Av
tu sat denie po kopo de tikete ? = have you got
enough money (in order) to buy the tickets ? I av
venen po vizo ca = I have come to see her, Po tri dolare jak = for three dollars
each, lu se po de governad = they support the government |
po- | prefix indicating aim, purpose | Mozo = can, pomozo = to allow, enable, cer = care, pocero = to be careful, voko = to speak, povoko = to advocate, speak in favour of |
poj, poje | little, few | Je ste poj sper findo usʒivore = there is
little hope of finding survivors, he lis poj = he reads little, ce avì poj a
dezo = she had little to say, Lu av poje bibe = they have few books, poje
liente venì = few people came, poj a poj = little by little |
pos | after ........(prep. & conj.), .... then ........(afterwards) | Pos va = after you, pos du hore = after two hours, pos da = after this, pos he avì iten a led = after he had
gone to bed, prim i it a skol, pos a dom = first I go to school, then home |
pos- | after- ....(prefix) | midià = midday, noon, posmidià = afternoon, pero = to carry, pospero = to postpone, gust = taste, posgùst = aftertaste, posdato = to postdate |
pote | so that, in order that | I vok vo Uropi pote vu moz incepo ma = I speak Uropi to you so that you could understand me |
pri | first ......(adj.) | Pri Maj = the first of May, in de pri sta = in the first place, po de pri vos = for the first time, liam be pri viz = love at first sight, pri ministor = prime
minister |
prijim | please | Aj, prijim = yes, please, prijim, sede niz ! = Please sit down, Fume ne, prijim = please don't smoke, Prijim, vene in ! = please come in |
prijo | to please | Nu vol solem prijo = our aim is
to please, je prij ne mo = I don't like it, wim prij vo = as you please, i detì ja solem po
prijo vo = I did it just to please you, un moz ne prijo a talun = one cannot
be liked by everyone |
priʒe | rather .....(adv.) | He se priʒe inteligan = he's rather clever, he
felì sia priʒe bun = he felt rather good, priʒe moro ! = I'd rather
die, hi bib se priʒe bun = his book is rather good, He se anzavan
priʒe te stupi = he's ignorant rather than stupid |
prim | first .....(adv.) | Prim od tal = first of all, prim item be de miador = first let's
go o the butcher's |
pro | 1) forward 2) in front of | It pro reg, vir ne ap ! = Go
straight on, don't turn off !, muvo pro = to move forward, Ce sì stan
pro de fent = she was standing in front of the
window |
pro- | forward, pro- ....(prefix) | Proseto = to present, introduce sbdy (put
forward), provado = to
advance (walk forward), pro-baso = suggest, propose (throw forward), promuvo = to promote |
probo | to try, attempt ....(verb) | Prob jedo u poj = try to eat a little, he probì
incepo = he tried to understand, Prob ʒe ja ! = just you try it!, Av vu
ʒa proben di olive ? = have you ever tried these olives? I probì tri
hotele, ba lu sì tale polen = I tried 3 hotels but they were all full |
progòn | towards, against, (prep. = going to meet) | Ito progòn ekun = to go to meet, to go towards sbdy, ito progòn u perij = to go and face danger |
proìto + V | keep, go on, carry on (+ Ving) | Je proìt liuvo = It keeps
raining, Ce proitì voko trawan hore = She went on speaking for hours, I
proìt spero te ce ve ruveno = I keep hoping that
she'll come back |
pur | however, yet ....(adv.) | Pur ce prijì a talun = however
everyone liked her, Id pur i gus de has = and yet I like the house, He skucì
mi korade, pur he detì wa he volì = He listend to
my advice, however he did what he liked |
re- | re-, again (prefix) | Redezo = to repeat (say again), redeto = to do
again, regeno = to be born again, I se felic revizo ta = I'm happy to see you
again, reʒivo = to live again, A revizo = good bye (see you again) |
revos | again | Zis nu revos ! = Here we are
again ! Revos id revos =
again and again, Ce se be dom revos = she's home again, jego revos = to play again, inflò revos = to blow up again, formo revos = to re-form, disparto revos = redistribute |
ru | back, backwards ....(in space or time) | Ite ne ru ! = don't go back ! He davì ru de denie = he gave the
money back, Di pont dat ru a Romane = this bridge dates back to the Romans |
ru- | back .....(prefix) | Rumeno = remember (think back), ruveno = to come back, ruvoko = to answer (speak back), plago = to hit, to strike, ruplago = to strike back |
sa | so .......(to such an extent) | Ce se sa lovi = she's so pretty, he se sa stupi = he's so stupid, nud vu verim sa longim ? = do you really
need so long ? Parkà avèn tu sa pru ? = Why are you coming so early ? Lu se
talvos sa neti = They 're always so kind |
sam | together .....(adv.) | Lu ʒiv sam = they live together, I vizì la sam
= I saw them together, vu doʒ stajo sam = you must keep together, he,
sam ki hi kolege… = he, together with his colleagues…, lu it sam = they
belong together, |
samàj … | all the more…, all the …er | Samàj bun ! = so much the better
! Samàj pej ! = so much
the worse ! Je stì samàj liente te je sì anpaji = There were all the more people as it was free |
samìn … | all the less … | I felì ma samìn predizen …= I
felt all the less prepared… |
samòl, samole | so much, so many | I gusì de film samòl te i itì vizo ja revos = I
liked the film so much that I went back again, ce av samole klade… = she has
so many dresses…, i av ʒa samole bibe = I've already got so many books |
sat | enough | Nu av sat pan = we have enough
bread, I av sat ! = I've
had enough ! Sat bibe =
enough books, He se sat ric = He's quite rich, Nu av sat jeden = We have eaten enough, Je s'u sat
koplizen jeg = It's quite a complicated game |
se, s' | am, is, are ...(present tense of "so") | Se tu felic ? = are you happy ? Di s'u bib = this is a book, Nu s'ne glaj vizo la = we are not
glad to see them, Da se =
That is, Nu se in soma =
we're in summer, Mi tiot se pati = My uncle is ill |
sep | seven (7) | De sep mirvìze moldi = the seven
wonders of the world, be sep id kwert = at a quarter past seven |
ses | six (6) | Mi son se ses jare = My son is
six (years old), He dom be numar ses = he lives at number six |
sì | was, were ..(past tense of "so") | Ko sì tu ? = Where were you ? Lu sì ne be kerk fori Soldia = they
were not in church last Sunday, Je sì unvos… = there was, once upon a time, I sì
irgen ki ha = I was angry with him |
sia | himself, herself, themselves (reflexive pronoun) | Ce lav sia = she washes herself, he liam solem sia = he loves only
himself, ce glad sia in de mirèl = she looks at herself in the mirror, lu vek sia, lu liv sia = they wake up,
they get up |
sim | so, thus, in this way | I prigùs akto sim = I prefer to
act in this way, Parkà tret tu ma sim ? Why do you treat me thus ? po voko sim = so to speak, id sim pro = and so on, Sim tu gus ne mi idea ! = So you don't like my idea ! |
siudo | to be used to | I siud ne varko sa pru = I'm not used to working so
early, Zi je siud liuvo in Mars = Here it often rains in March, Lu siud iro
in vake in ʒul = They are used to going on holidays in July, I siudì
sedo za po varto ha = I used to sit there waiting for her, Lu siudì veno be
de hor vespjedi = They used to come here at dinner time |
slogan | according to | Slogan hi vorde = according to
his words, slogan wa i viz = according to what I see, slogan ha,
lu av iten ap = according to him they've gone, slogan ma = according to me |
so | to be 1 (verb), 2 .. (auxiliary of the durative form) | Vu se bunvenen ! = you are
welcome ! So o ne so… =
to be or not to be, So in vake = to be on holiday, Ce se sopan = she is sleeping, Se tu lisan ? = Are you reading ? |
so po | to be going to, to be about to | Je s' po liuvo = it's going to
rain, I sì po calo va wan de telefòn dringì = I was about to call you when the telephone rang, i sì po deto ja jesta, ba i oblasì = I
was going to do it yesterday, but I forgot |
so…-an | to be … ing .......(indicates duration) | I se varkan = I'm working, Se tu lisan ? = Are you reading ? Lu s'ne skucan = they aren't
listen-ing, nu sì sopan =
we were sleeping, ce stì stan pro de dor = she was standing in front of the door |
solem | only .....(adv) | Zi i kon solem va = here I only
know you, he se solem des jare = he's only ten, je ste solem du
persone we zav da = there are only two people who
know that, he moz solem varto = he can only wait, i ve solem dezo
te… = I will only say that … |
som | 1) same.... 2) my…, your… himself, etc… | Be de som dia = on the same day, in de som mod = in the same way, Se je de som man ? = Is it the same
man ? De som priz te fori jar = the same price as last year, de som
zoc = the same thing, i
som, tu som, he som, nu som… myself, yourself,
himself, ourselves…, i vizì de director som = I saw the director himself |
su | on .....(on the surface) | Su de tab = on the table, set su ti mantèl ! = put on your coat
!, Su un isel = on an
island, Su mar = on the
sea, Su de plaz de viki =
on the village square, Ito in bat su de riv = to go boating on the river, Su kwal = on horseback, Su u sikel = on a bicycle |
sube | above, over | De avièl flevì sube de pol = the
plane flew over the town, de kwaria sube = the flat above, Dudes grade sube
nul = 20 degrees above zero, Sube de tab = above the table, Sube
Andrès je ste de direktor = Above Andrew there is the director |
sube- | above, over-, super- (prefix) | Subeflevo = to fly over, subeflujo = to submerge (flow over), subeseto = to superpose, sube-merkad = supermarket, subepaso = to surpass, subevalto = to overvalue |
sul, sule | such .....(singular & plural) | I gus ne sule ceste = I don't
like such jokes, in u sul situasiòn = in such a situation, U sul sluz
prijì ne mo = I don't like such a solution, He dezì sule stupide te tale inirgì =
He said such stupid things that that everybody got angry |
sunte | a hundred (100) | Dusunte sele = two hundred
chairs, de Wer Sunte Jaris = the Hundred Years' War, de Sunte
Dias = the Hundred Days |
ta | you …… (singular, object)....... (familiar form) | I ve vizo ta beprù = I'll see you
soon, i ven ki ta = I'm
coming with you, di pupa se po ta, mi dota = this doll is for you my daughter, nu
v'ito ki ta = we'll go with you, I liam nekun osmòl te ta = I love
nobody as much as you |
tal, tale | every, all ...(singular, plural) | Tale kide gus komfite = all
children like candies, tale dias = every day, tal dia = all day, nu tale zav = we all know, tal de land = all the country, tale altene = all the others, di s' tal = that 's all, he pivì ja tal = he drank all of it |
tali | whole | Tali vike vidì distruen = whole
villages were destroyed, in tali mold = in the whole world, nu vartì u tali
hor = we waited a whole hour, je liuvì tri tali dias = it rained 3
whole days, Se di de tali verid ? is that the whole truth ? |
talia | everywhere | Talia in mold = everywhere in the
world, He oblàs hi zoce talia = he forgets his things everywhere, talia alten = everywhere else |
talim | quite, entirely, completely | I kovèn talim ki va = I quite
agree with you, he sì talim regi = he was quite right, talim novi = quite new, ce sì talim solen = she was quite alone |
talun | everybody, everyone | Talun av fenden siu vark =
everybody has finished his work, talun av siavi
ideas ov ja = everybody has his own ideas about it, talun kon unaltem zi = everybody
knows everybody else here |
talvos | always | He se talvos glaj = he s' always
merry, wim talvos = as
always, nerim talvos =
nearly always, he se talvos kritikan = he is always criticizing, he s'ne
talvos mol serios = he isn't always very serious, i avì talvos kreen he sì solnor = I
had always thought he was a bachelor |
te | that .... (introducing a subordinate clause), than, as .......(in comparisons) | I zav te tu liam ma = I know that
you love me, He dezì te he avì vizen ca = he said that he had seen her, Ce
vokì sa laisim te i mozì pen oro ca = she was
speaking so softly that I could hardly hear her, Maj
ric te vu = richer than you, Min seni te i = not so old as me, Os bel te ce = as beautiful as her |
ti | your .........(possesive. adj. singular) (familiar form) | Ti bib se su de tab = your book
is on the table, Av tu inviten ti fram ? = have you invited your friend ?, Se
dize ti veste ? = Are these your clothes ? |
tìa, tìas | yours .....(possesive. pron. sing & plur) (familiar form) | Di se mi bib id da se tìa = this
is my book and that is yours, Se di bal tìa ? = Is this ball yours ? Di cuse s'ne
mìas, ba tìas = these shoes aren't mine but yours |
tilie | (a) thousand ...(1000) | Tilie mane = a thousand men, in tilie jare = in a thousand years, tilie daske = a thousand thanks, tilie-un = a thousand one, pintilie = five thousand, de Tilie Un Noce = The Arabian nights |
tio | too ............(excessively) .............. (V/ tiomòl) | tiomòl = too much, tio gren = too big, Je s' tio dar = it's too hard, di vaizèl se tio war = this suit-case
is too heavy, Di sem mo tio lezi = This seems to me too easy |
tiomòl, tiomole | too much, too many | He vok tiomòl = he talks too
much, Gusì vu de film ? Ne tiomòl = Did you like the film ? Not too much, je stì tiomole peke = there were too
many cakes, I dezì ja a tiomole kide = I told too many of the children, |
tis | till, until, up to | Tis num = until now, tis davos = till then, tis de slogan dia = until the
following day, vart tis i ven = wait till I come, He vadì tis de
lucitòr = He waled up to the lighthouse |
to | to you ......(singular, dative) (familiar form) | Ce ve skrivo to = she'll write to
you, Av he senden to u postikàrt ? = Has he sent you a postcard ? Vokì lu
to ? = Did they speak to you ?, I dezì ja to tilie vose = I told you
a thousand times |
tra | across ...(prep.), via, by way of | Ito tra de strad = to cross the
street, vado tra de polde = to walk across the fields, nu venì tra Es-pania,
tra Lion = we came along through Spain, via Lyons, tra tal de land = all over the
country, tra zi, tra za =
this way, that way, |
tra- | trans-, across (prefix) | Duto = to lead, traduto = to translate, davo = to give, tradavo = to pass on, transmit, noc = night, tranoco = to spend the night, veste = clothes, travesto = to disguise, plant = plant, traplanto = to transplant |
tragòn | across ...(on the other side of) | De vendia tragòn de strad = the
shop across the road, de mulia tragòn de riv = the mill across the river |
tramìd | among, amidst | Tramìd de trob = among the crowd, di s'u kaz tramìd altene =
it's one case among many, tramìd hi frame = among his friends |
trawan | 1) during, in the course of 2) while | Trawan de du posni jare = over
the last two years, trawan de lesiòn = during the lesson, trawan tal de jar = throughout the year, trawan un sedia = for a week, He venì trawan i sì sopan = he came while
I was sleeping |
tri | three (3) | Tri dismeze = three dimensions, trigami = three-legged, tri kwerte = three quarters, trisunte = three hundred |
tru | through (prep) | I vizì va tru de fent = I saw
you through the window, Vod flujì tru de tag = water poured through the roof, Ito
tru u fost = to go through a forest, Plago u klod tru u plank = to hammer a
nail through a plank,I moz oro la tru de mur = I can hear them through the wall |
tru- | through, trans- (prefix) | Truvizi = transparent,
see-through, trumujo =
soak, drench (wet through), luc = light, truluci = translucent |
tu | you .......(singular, subject) (familiar form) | Tu se cansi = you are lucky, se tu fami ? = are you hungry ? Vol tu pivo ekwa ? = would you like something to
drink ? Id tu, ka zav tu ? = What do you know ? |
u poj | a little, a bit | Dav mo u poj vod, prijim = give
me a little water, please, U miki poj = a tiny little bit, U poj denie = a little money, U poj tio gren = a little too big, U poj maj = a little more, U poj min = a little less |
u, un | a, an ....(before a vowel) | U drev = a tree, un apel = an apple, u kat = a cat,
un ovel = a bird, u man = a man, u ʒina = a woman, u bob = a boy, u kun
= a dog, u vag = a car, u strad = a street, u kata = a she-cat |
ude | under | Ude de tab = under the table, Ude ni kontròl = under our control, Ude ja = under it, He venì us ude de led = he came out
from under the bed, Je s' ude za = it's under there, Stajo ude vod = to stay under water, Ude Tudòre = under the Tudors |
ude- | under-, sub- (prefix) | Valt = value, udevalto = undervalue, veste = clothes, udeveste = underwear, pajo = to pay, ude-pajen = underpaid, nuro = to feed, udenuren = underfed, ter = earth, udeteri = underground, sub-terranean |
-uj, -ujo | (pejorative suffix) (& verb) | has = house, hasuj = shack, kwal = horse, kwaluj = nag,
skrivo = to write, skrivujo = to scribble, picto = to paint, pictujo = to daub |
un | one 1) (numerical) .............. 2) (indefinite) ....3) one, you, they .........(impersonal) (V/ u) | Un, du , tri = one, two, three, un dia = one day, un
bel somu morna = one fine summer morning, Av tu un ? = have you got one ? Vol
tu un ? = would you like one ? He s'un od na = he's one of us, Un zav nevos =
you never know, Un doʒ probo rumeno = one must try to remember, Un dez
te = they say that… |
unaltem | each other, one another | Lu liam unaltem = they love each
other, Lu skriv molvos a unaltem = they often write to each other, Lu
ruspekì unaltem = they respected each other, Ki unaltem = with each other, Po unaltem = for each other, |
unvos | once ......(adv.) | Unvos i vizì ha in de strad =
once I saw him in the street, Je stì unvos… = there was, once upon a time…, Solem
unvos = only once, Jok
unvos = once again, Unvos
maj = once more, Unvos be
mon = once a month, Maj
te unvos = more than once |
us | out (of) | Nem u
graf us de bag ! = Take a pen out of the bag ! Ven us ! = Come out ! Jeto us ekun = To throw somebody out, Ito us = to go out |
usia | outside (adv.) | It jego usia = go and play
outside, Vizen od usia =
seen from outside, He lasì de vag usia = he left the car outside, Ka usvèn
usia ? = What's happening outside ? |
usim | except, apart from | Tale usim i = everyone except me
(I), Ka moz lu deto usim varto ? = what can they do except wait ? Usim
da = apart from this |
uvedà | besides ......(adv.) | Uvedà he skrivì u romàn id eke kurtistorije = Besides he wrote a novel and a few short stories |
uvegòn | opposite .....(prep.) | De has se uvegòn de kerk = the
house is opposite the church, Uvegòn de riv = on the opposite bank of the river |
va | you .......(plural & polite form) (object) | I ve vizo va beprù = I shall see
you soon, Di bib se po va = this book is for you, Neme la ki va = take them with you |
vari | several | I vizitì ca vari vose = I visited
her several times, Vari od la = several of them, Vari od na vizì de
obfàl = several of us saw the accident |
ve, v' …o | will, shall + V ....(future tense marker) | He ve voko = he will speak, Ve ce veno ? = will she come ? I v'ito domòr = I'll go tomorrow, Lu v'ne vizo de postor = they won't
see the postman, V'ne tu veno ki na ? = won't you come with us ? He ve mozo
vendo ja = He'll be able to sell it |
veri | true ......(adj.) | Je s' veri = that's true, Se je veri te…? = Is it true that …? Je s'ne veri = it's not true, Vido veri = to come true, Ce s' bel, ne veri ? = she's
beautiful, isn't she ? U veri diamànt = a real diamond, Po voko veri = to tell the truth |
vi | your ....(possesive. adj.) (plural & polite form) | Vi has = your house, Vi kide = your children, Vi gardin = your garden, Vi kune = your dogs |
vìa, vìas | yours ......(possesive pron. sing & plur) (plural & polite form) | Kan ve de has vido vìa ? = when
will the house become yours ? Se da kide vìas ? = Are these children yours ? Di kune
s'ne vìas, lu se nìas = these dogs are not yours,
they are ours |
vido | to become (verb), | Vol vu vido medikor ? = Do you
want to become a doctor ? Ce ve vido mata beprù = she will soon become a mother, |
vido … -en | to be (auxiliary of the passive) | De mus vid jeden pa de kat = the mouse is eaten by the cat, |
vo | to you .....(plural & polite form) (dative) | He vol ne voko vo = he doesn't
want to speak to you, Ce ve skrivo vo = she will write to you, Dezì lu ne vo
? = didn't they tell you ? Kim
it je vo ? = how are you ? He v'apero ja vo = He'll bring it to
you |
volo | to want, would like (verb) | Ka vol tu ? = what do you want ? I volev u jasikrèm = I would like an
ice-cream, Ka vol vu od ha ? = what do you want of him ? I vol ne = I don't want to, Ce vol ito sopo = she wants to go to bed, I volev ito
ru dom = I would like to go home, Vol vu pivo ekwa ? = would you like a
drink ? |
vu | you .........(plural & polite form) (subject) | Vu tale = you all, all of you, Vu France = you French, Ce se maj jun te vu = she is younger
than you, Is i sev vu =
if I were you, Vu tale =
all of you |
wa | what .....(relative) | Wa tu nud se liam = what you need
is love, Wa i gus se kafa = what I like is coffee, Deze no wa vu
men = tell us what you think, Dez mo ov wa tu soin = tell me what
you dream of |
wan | when .....(conj. & relative) | Wan i orì ci voc, i smijì = when
I heard her voice, I smiled, De dia wan i kogonì ha = the day when I met him, Wan he
sì u kid, je stì ne televìz = when he was a child,
there was no TV, Wan i vok Doski, i det molvos
irade = when I speak German I often make mistakes |
we | who, which ..(relative subject) | Ce s' u ʒika we sant mol bun = she 's a girl
who sings very well, Daze we moz snivo = those who can swim, Mi tiota we dom
in Berlìn = my aunt who lives in Berlin, De bib we se su de tab = the book
which is on the table |
wej | whose .....(relative) | De man wej kap i nemì = the man
whose hat I took, Daze wej pasporte i av zi = those whose passports I've got here, De bob a wej sesta i vokì = the boy
whose sister I talked to |
wen | whom, which (relative object) | De apel wen tu jedì = the apple
which you ate, De man ki wen tu jeg tenìs = the man (with whom) you play tennis with, De film ov wen ce vokì = the film of
which she was speaking, De ʒika wen tu se
vartan = The girl you're waiting for |
wim | as, like | Magi wim un elefànt = big as an
elephant, Wim i dezì ʒa = as I've already said, U man wim vu
id i = a man like you and me, Ce vark wim doktora = she works as a
doctor, He bedutì wim un idiòt = he behaved like a fool, Wim u best
in u trap = like an animal in a trap, He vark wim servor be de Central Bar = He works as a waiter at the Central Bar |
wim is | as if, as though | He vad wim is he av piven = he
walks as if he's been drinking, He stì op wim is po
ito us = he stood up as if to go out, Je sì wim is he avev ne moren = it was
as if he had not died, I liam di kid wim is he sev
mi son = I love this child as if he was my son |
wo | where ....(conj. & relative) | Staje wo vu se = stay where you
are, It wo tu vol = go
where you like, De sta wo lu it = the place where they are going, De
has wo i genì = the house where I was born, De pol wo i dom = the town where I
live, De hotèl wo he staj = The hotel where he's staying |
za | there | It ne za ! = don't go there, Mi sesta se za = my sister is there, Je se varmi za = it's warm there |
zavo | to know .... (something) | I zav ja = I know it, I zav da = I know that, I zav ne ka deto = I don't know what
to do, He vol zavo nit (ov ja) = He doesn't want to know anything about it, Doj zav ja = God knows, Ka zav tu ov ja ? = What do you know
about it ? |
zi | here | Ven zi ! = come here !, He s'ne zi = he isn't here, I staj zi = I'm staying here, Zi id za = here and there, Sed niz zi, su de sofa = Sit down
here, on the sofa, Zi in Amerika un vok os Espani = Here in America, people also speak Spanish |
zis, zi se | here is | Zis nu ! = Here we are !, Zis de postor !, zi ven de postor ! =
Here's the postman!, here comes the postman ! |